Qiuping Wang

The vacuum ultraviolet beamline/endstations at NSRL dedicated to combustion research

An undulator-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline (BL03U), intended for combustion chemistry studies, has been constructed at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) in Hefei, China. The beamline is connected to the newly upgraded Hefei Light Source (HLS II), and could deliver photons in the 5-21 eV range, with a photon flux of 10(13) photons s(-1) at 10 eV when the beam current is 300 mA. The monochromator of the beamline is equipped with two gratings (200 lines mm(-1) and 400 lines mm(-1)) and its resolving power is 3900 at 7.3 eV for the 200 lines mm(-1) grating and 4200 at 14.6 eV for the 400 lines mm(-1) grating. The beamline serves three endstations which are designed for respective studies of premixed flame, fuel pyrolysis in flow reactor, and oxidation in jet-stirred reactor. Each endstation contains a reactor chamber, an ionization chamber where the molecular beam intersects with the VUV light, and a home-made reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The performance of the beamline and endstations with some preliminary results is presented here. The ability to detect reactive intermediates (e.g. H, O, OH and hydroperoxides) is advantageous in combustion chemistry research.

Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Steel with Multi-Line Internal Standard Calibration Method Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.

A multi-line internal standard calibration method is proposed for the quantitative analysis of carbon steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A procedure based on the method was adopted to select the best calibration curves and the corresponding emission lines pairs automatically. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy experiments with carbon steel samples were performed, and C, Cr, and Mn were analyzed via the proposed method. Calibration curves of these elements were constructed via a traditional single line internal standard calibration method and a multi-line internal standard calibration method. The calibration curves obtained were evaluated with the determination coefficient, the root mean square error of cross-validation, and the average relative error of cross-validation. All of the parameters were improved significantly with the proposed method. The results show that accurate and stable calibration curves can be obtained efficiently via the multi-line internal standard calibration method.

Accurate Wavelength Calibration Method for Flat-Field Grating Spectrometers

A portable spectrometer prototype is built to study wavelength calibration for flat-field grating spectrometers. An accurate calibration method called parameter fitting is presented. Both optical and structural parameters of the spectrometer are included in the wavelength calibration model, which accurately describes the relationship between wavelength and pixel position. Along with higher calibration accuracy, the proposed calibration method can provide information about errors in the installation of the optical components, which will be helpful for spectrometer alignment.

Two-dimensional groove density measurement for gratings by diffraction method

A grating groove density measuring system based on diffraction method has been developed to measure the two-dimensional groove density variations of the VLS gratings at NSRL. The measuring system can provide not only the basic data of the two-dimensional groove density variations for evaluating the imaging properties of grating, but also an important tool for improving the grating manufacturing technology. A commercially available concave grating with a curvature radius of 750 mm was measured to test the accuracy of the measuring system. Results show that the system has a measuring accuracy (ΔN/N) of about 5 × 10−5. Then the groove density variation parameters of the 1200lines/mm VLS plane grating used in NSRL is measured by the system. The groove curvature of the VLS plane grating has been observed.

The Re‐design of a Soft X‐ray Beamline for Photoemission Spectroscopy at NSRL

The monochromator of the old soft x‐ray beamline for photoemission spectroscopy covering spectral range from 60 –1000 eV was designed according to Rowland Circle Monochromator for energy resolution (E/ΔE) over 2000 with slit widths of 40 μm at NSRL. But the beamline suffers of low flux with high energy over 500 eV cut off and energy resolution bellow 1000 at practical flux. We reconstruct the beamline by replacement of the Kirkpatrick‐Baez pre‐focusing optics and the monochromator, energy resolution beyond 1000 and flux over 5×109 photons/s can be obtained with 50 μm slit widths.

Construction and performance of combustion beamline at NSRL

An undulator-based VUV beamline BL03U is constructed at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Optical design and performance test results are presented in this paper. The monochromator is a Czerny–Turner configuration with a toroidal collimating mirror, two plane gratings, and a toroidal focusing mirror. Plane gratings with line densities of 200 and 400 l/mm are used to cover the photon energy range of 5–21 eV. A gas absorption spectrum is used to evaluate the beamline performance. The photon energy resolving power (E/ΔE) of the beamline is approximately 3900 at 7.3 eV for the 200 l/mm grating and 4200 at 14.6 eV for the 400 l/mm grating. The photon flux is approximately 5×1012 photons/s/300 mA at energy of 10 eV.