R. Andrade

Optimization of a pheromone lure for Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in Central America

Mass trapping of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in Central America required a high performance lure with consistent capture rates. S. frugiperda lures from North America and England gave erratic capture rates under field conditions. A reinvestigation of four acetate attractants (Z9-14Ac, Z11-16Ac, Z7-12Ac and Z9-12Ac) for S. frugiperda present in Costa Rica revealed that Z7-12Ac and Z9-12Ac were highly attractive to S. frugiperda when presented alone. Binary combination of Z7-12Ac with Z9-14Ac significantly increased attraction and was at least 10 times more attractive to S. frugiperda in Costa Rica than North American or English lures. Addition of Z11-16Ac to binary combinations of Z9-14Ac and Z7-12Ac marginally increased capture rates. If the concentration of Z7-12Ac is increased to 5% in lures containing Z9-14Ac, Z11-16Ac and Z7-12Ac capture rates significantly decrease. The optimized lure contains Z7-12Ac that is a component not previously reported in S. frugiperda from the Caribbean region.

Pheromone-based trapping of West Indian sugarcane weevil in a sugarcane plantation.

Attraction of Metamasius hemipterus (Oliver) to gallon and bamboo traps baited with insecticide-treated sugarcane, the male-produced pheromone, 4-methyl-5-nonanol, and 2-methyl-4-heptanol is more efficient if ethyl acetate is added. The optimal traps are ground-level gallon traps baited with insecticide-laced sugarcane, pheromone, and ethyl acetate. Capture rates of ground-level gallon traps are doubled by placing an insecticide-laced pad under the trap, but significantly decreased by placing the trap on a stick above ground. The efficiency of ground-level gallon traps is the same as ground level ramp traps. Mass-trapping M. hemipterus in newly planted sugarcane using ground level bamboo traps baited with insecticide-laced sugarcane and pheromone over six months revealed populations were low for the first two months, became maximum at five months, and declined thereafter. Capture rates of traps bordering newly planted and mature sugarcane were not significantly different from capture rates of traps in the interior of the plots. Capture rates of bamboo traps containing only insecticide-laced sugarcane and deployed at 30 traps/ha averaged 6 weevils/trap/week compared with 66 weevils/trap/week for traps additionally containing pheromone lures and deployed at 5 traps/ha. Capture rates for bamboo traps baited with insecticide-laced sugarcane and pheromone and deployed at 10 and 15 traps/ha were 43 and 38 weevils/trap/week, respectively. Total captures were higher in those plots with a higher density of insecticide-laden sugarcane and pheromone baited traps, and the differences were approximately proportional to trap density in the range of 5–15 traps/ha. Capture rates of traps containing insecticide-laced sugarcane and pheromone were always higher than of traps containing only insecticide-laced sugarcane, but in the first two months after planting the differences were much greater than in months 3–6 after planting.

Sex pheromone of the scarab beetle Phyllophaga elenans and some intriguing minor components

Three amino acid-derived compounds were identified in extracts from the pheromone glands of the scarab beetle Phyllophaga elenans, i.e., L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME), N-formyl L-isoleucine methyl ester (For-LIME), and N-acetyl L-isoleucine methyl ester (Ac-LIME). The compounds were characterized from their spectral data (MS and IR), confirmed by synthesis, and their absolute configurations were assigned by gas chromatography with a chiral phase column. The amount of LIME in calling females was ca. 2 μg/gland, whereas only traces of For-LIME and Ac-LIME (0.005% of LIME) were detected in fresh extracts. Regardless of the storage temperature, the amounts of the minor constituents in the extracts increased over time. Field tests showed that traps baited with For-LIME captured more beetles than control traps. Ac-LIME per se was not attractive, and it did not increase trap catches when combined with For-LIME. Traps baited with LIME caught ca. 150 beetles/trap/day, but catches did not increase with the addition of For-LIME and/or Ac-LIME in binary or tertiary blends.

Trapping of Phyllophaga elenans with a Female-Produced Pheromone

Attraction of Phyllophaga elenas to vaned bucket traps baited with the recently identified female-produced pheromone, L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME), is efficient. Pheromone-baited vaned buckets with water to retain insects were more effective than buckets without vanes or plastic containers with the sides cut out. Pheromone-baited vaned bucket traps from which water was omitted required the addition of a funnel below the vanes to retain insects. Normally used light traps were about 10 times more effective than pheromone-baited vane bucket traps in capturing P. elenans. Over 95% of P. elenans were captured between 6:00 and 9:00 PM. The male–female ratio was ∼3–4:1 in both light and pheromone traps, and the ratio was relatively unchanged throughout the capture period. Most P. elenans were captured in the treed areas surrounding sugarcane fields. More P. elenans were captured in treed borders than in grassy borders of sugarcane fields. The effective radius of the pheromone-baited vaned bucket trap is between 5 and 15 m.

439 I148M PNPLA3 VARIANT PROMOTES STEATOSIS ACCORDING TO VIRAL AND IL28B GENOTYPE BUT DOES NOT AFFECT SUSTAINED VIRAL RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C

439 I148M PNPLA3 VARIANT PROMOTES STEATOSIS ACCORDING TO VIRAL AND IL28B GENOTYPE BUT DOES NOT AFFECT SUSTAINED VIRAL RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C J. Ampuero, L. Rojas, R. Calle, L. Ortiz-Fernandez, J.R. GarciaLozano, R. Sola, X. Forns, R. Andrade, M. Diago, J.A. Pons, J.M. Navarro, R. Millan, M. Gonzalez-Escribano, M. RomeroGomez. Unit for Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases and CIBERehd, Valme University Hospital, Immunology Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Sevilla, Hepatology Unit, Mar Hospital, Liver Unit and Ciberehd, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Digestive Unit and Ciberehd, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Malaga, Hepatology Unit, University General Hospital, Valencia, Virgen de la Arraixaca Hospital, Murcia, Costa del Sol Hospital, Marbella, Spain E-mail: javi.ampuero@gmail.com

1340 HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION ALTERS LIPID METABOLISM DEPENDING ON THE RS12979860 POLYMORPHISM IN THE IL28B GENE

1339 IL28B GENETIC VARIANTS AND GENDER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPONTANEOUS CLEARANCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION H.Y. Rao, D.G. Sun, D. Jiang, R.F. Yang, F. Guo, J.H. Wang, F. Liu, H.Y. Zhang, H.H. Zhang, S.C. Du, A.S. Lok, L. Wei. Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, Guan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hebei Guan, China; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA E-mail: rao.huiying@163.com