R. C. Padalia

Terpenoid diversity in the leaf essential oils of Himalayan Lauraceae species.

The leaf terpenoid compositions of nine Lauraceae species, viz., Neolitsea pallens, Lindera pulcherrima, Dodecadenia grandiflora, Persea duthiei, Persea odoratissima, Persea gamblei, Phoebe lanceolata, Cinnamomum tamala, and Cinnamomum camphora, collected from the Himalayan region (India) were examined by GC, GC/MS, and NMR analyses in order to determine the similarities and differences among their volatile constituents. Furano‐sesquiterpenoids were the principal constituents of N. pallens, L. pulcherrima, and D. grandiflora. (E)‐Nerolidol, limonene, β‐pinene, and α‐pinene were the major constituents of P. duthiei; α‐pinene, sabinene, and β‐caryophyllene were predominant in P. odoratissima, while the oils of P. gamblei and P. lanceolata possessed β‐caryophyllene as common major constituent. C. camphora and C. tamala were marked by the presence of camphor and cinnamaldehyde, respectively. Cluster analysis of the oil composition was carried out in order to discern the differences and similarities within nine species of six genera of Lauraceae.

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil From Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng

Abstract The GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Eupatorium adenophorum collected from different localities of Kumaun and Garhwal revealed the dominant presence of amorph-4-en-7-ol (5.8–17.7%), bornyl acetate (7.6–15.9%), p-cymene (0.1–16.6%), 3-acetoxyamorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one (0.3–16.3%), α-phellandrene (1.5–9.6%), camphene (≶0.1–8.9%), α-bisabolol (1.7–7.8%), α-cadinol (0.6–6.2%) and amorph-4,7(11)-dien-8-one (3.2–5.7%). Amorphene derivatives (19.8–41.4%) may be considered as characteristic constituents of E. adenophorum.

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons Rich Essential Oil of Stachys sericea Wall

Abstract The GC and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of S. sericea Wall. showed dominant presence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (79.1 %) with germacrene D (37.7 %), (E)-ß-caryophyllene (17.4 %), ô-cadinene (6.0 %) and (E)-ß-farnesene (3.9 %) as major constituents. (X-Bisabolol (3.0 %) was the major oxygenated sesquiterpenoid along with several minor constituents.

Sesquiterpene Rich Essential Oil from Plectranthus rugosus Wall

Abstract The essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the leaves of Plectranthus rugosus Wall. syn. Rabdosia rugosa Wall., was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The GC and GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 30 constituents, of which twenty-five constituents were identified, constituting 87.9% of the total oil. The major constituents being sesquiterpene hydrocarbons viz. ß-caryophyllene (38.4%) and germacrene D (23.8%) besides spathulenol (3.2%) and Ot-cadinol (2.2%). p-Cymene (3.6%), y-terpinene (2.8%) and limonene (2.7%) were among the monoterpenes hydrocarbons present in significant quantity.

Quality Assessment of Flavour Constituents of Natural and Commercial Cinnamomum tamala Leaves

Abstract The leaf essential oil composition of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch-Ham) Nees & Eberm, collected from different locations of Kumaon Himalaya, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde (23.2–79.9 %), linalool (3.4–30.7 %), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (1.0–11.4 %) and (E)-methyl cinnamate (< 0.1–9.6 %) were detected as major constituents in different samples. The analysis though revealed significant qualitative and quantitative variations in flavour composition of leaves collected from different localities of Kumaon, the materials may be grouped as (E)-Cinnamaldehyde-linalool chemotype.

Essential oil composition of Persea duthiei

Persea duthiei King ex Hook. f. syn. Machilus duthiei King ex Hook. f. is a small or medium-sized evergreen tree widely distributed around Nainital, ascending to 2500 m. The fruit is a globular black drupe. The root stocks are acrid, bitter, pungent, heating, and astringent and are generally used in inflammation, asthma, pain, foul breath, bronchitis, vomiting, and in blood disease [1–3]. Various Persea species have been subjected to chemical investigations in the past. The GC and GC-MS analysis of the leaf oil of P. americana Mill. of Mexican origin revealed estragol (78.1%), α-cubebene (3.6%), methyl eugenol (3.4%), and β-caryophyllene (2.1%) as the major constituents, while its fruit oil was mainly composed of (E)-nerolidol along with lesser amount of β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, trans-β-bergaptene, and β-bisabolene [4, 5]. The leaf essential oil of P. americana Mill from Nigeria showed β-caryophyllene (43.9%) and valencene (16.0%) as the major constituents [6]. The GC and GC-MS analysis of leaf oils of P. indica showed β-caryophyllene (18.0%), germacrene D (15.4%), and (E)-avocadienofuran (16.0%) as the major constituents [7]. Methyl chavicol (78.0%) has been reported as the major constituent from the leaf oil of P. grattissima [8]. The flower oil of P. bombyciana, a host plant for the muga silk worm (Antheraea assama), was mainly dominated by caryophyllene oxide (19.4%), (E)-nerolidol (14.5%), 11-dodecenal (11.2%), and 11-dodecenoic acid (9.8%), while its fruit oil contained transand cis-linalool oxides (15.3%) [9]. The leaf oil of P. bombyciana was characterized by 2-dodecanal (26.5%), decanal (12.5%), 11-dodecenal (8.1%), dodecanoic acid (9.0%), and caryophyllene oxide (7.0%) along with other monoand sesquiterpenoids [10]. Among reports of three Southern-North American Persea species examined by GC and GC-MS, the oil from P. borbonia was dominated by camphor (34.7%) and 1,8-cineole (17.7%), the oil from P. humilis was characterized by camphor (46.9%) and 1,8-cineole (12.7%), and the major constituents of P. palustris were 1,8-cineole (17.0%), p-cymene (14.8%), and camphor (10.6%) [11]. The leaf oil of P. pododenia of Mexican origin was shown to contain α-pinene (20.4%), δ-3-carene (15.9%), and limonene (12.1%) as the major constituents [12]. Diterpenes isolated from P. indica were shown to have potent antifeedant and insecticidal activity [13–16]. Biologically active cytotoxic lignans and neolignans have also been reported from the genus Persea [17–22]. Hussain et al. reported aporphine alkaloids from the root of P. duthiei [23], while there is no report on its essential oil composition. The present analysis of leaf, fruit, and flower oils of P. duthiei resulted in the identification of 41 constituents representing 94.1%, 89.3%, and 90.4% of the total constituents of the leaf, fruit, and flower oils, respectively. The identified constituents of the oils are listed in Table 1 in order of their elution in an Rtx-5 column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness; 60–210°C, 3°C/min, He gas 1 mL/min). The major compounds (1–6) were isolated and identified by comparing their NMR data (1H and 13C NMR) with those reported in the literature. Thus, the analysis revealed that monoterpene hydrocarbons (36.4%) constituted the major proportion of the leaf oil of P. duthiei, while sesquiterpenoids constituted a greater percentage of fruit and flower oils (83.0% and 84.2%, respectively). The leaf oil consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons (36.4%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (35.7%) dominated by limonene (10.1%), α-pinene (10.0%), β-pinene (10.0%), p-cymene (3.5%), (E)-nerolidol (13.2%), epi-cubebol (5.8%), β-caryophyllene (5.8%), β-eudesmol (4.0%), and γ-muurolene (4.0%). The fruit and flower oils were mainly dominated by sesquiterpenoids (83.0% and 84.2%, respectively). The fruit oil was characterized by a high content of sesquiterpene alcohols (65.7%) with (E)-nerolidol (24.5%), β-eudesmol (10.9%), selin-11-en-4-α-ol (9.1%), and (Z)-nerolidol (7.7%) as major constituents. (E)-Nerolidol (15.2%) was also the major constituent of the flower oil besides epi-cubebol (11.5%), γ-muurolene (11.5%), and β-caryophyllene (7.9%).

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Caryopteris grata Benth

Abstract The essential oil of the aerial parts of Caryopteris grata Benth. (syn. Caryopteris mastacanthus DC.) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A total of thirty-nine compounds were identified, comprising 86.1% of the oil. The oil was characterized by an almost exclusive content of sesquiterpenoids dominated by spathulenol (30.1%). Other constituents in significant amount were humulene epoxide II (8.4%), epi-α-cadinol (6.8%), α-muurolol (6.1%), α-humulene (5.0%), α-selinene (3.6%), (Z)-α-bisabolene (3.1%), germacrene D-4-ol (3.0%) and β-caryophyllene (2.5%).

Terpenoid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Salvia leucantha Cav.

Abstract Salvia (Lamiaceae) is a large genus of aromatic and ornamental plants distributed in the temperate and subtropical regions. GC and GC-MS analysis of the leaf essential oil of Salvia leucantha Cav., resulted in identification of forty-two constituents accounting for 94.3 % of the total oil constituents. The sesquiterpenoids (57.6 %) were the major constituents of the oil represented mainly by spathulenol (12.1 %), β-caryophyllene (10.7 %), α-himachalene (10.5 %) and γ-cadinene (6.5 %). Monoterpenoids constituted 35.7 % of the total oil; dominated by bornyl acetate (27.8 %) as the single major compound. The oil was also screened for its antioxidant activity facilitated by scavenging the free radical DPPH and also by decreasing the lipid peroxidation.

Chemical diversity in Himalayan Elsholtzia species.

The terpenoid composition of essential oils from the leaves of five Elsholtzia species, viz., E. eriostachya Benth., E. cristata Willd., E. polystachya Benth., E. flava Benth., and E. pilosa Benth., collected from the Himalayan region (India), was examined by GC, GC/MS, and NMR analyses. Comparison of the results with previous reports revealed new chemotypes. Cluster analysis was carried out in order to discern the similarities and differences within the essential‐oil compositions at their subspecies/chemotype level. Based on the major constituents of the essential oils, six chemical groups were obtained.

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Colquhounia coccinea Wall.

Abstract The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the leaves and flowers of Colquhounia coccinea Wall. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. flower A total of 96.8% and 93.7% of the constituents were identified in the leaf and oils, respectively. Both the oils were dominated by sesquiterpenoids. β-Caryophyllene (44.1–53.2%), germacrene D (7.0–15.8%), cadina-1–4-diene (11.1–12.4%), germacrene D-4-ol (1.8–12.2%), α-humulene (3.7–8.7%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.0–5.7%) were identified as the major constituents in both oils.