R K Jana

Characteristics and utilisation of copper slag-a review

Copper slag, which is produced during pyrometallurgical production of copper from copper ores contains materials like iron, alumina, calcium oxide, silica etc. For every tonne of metal production about 2.2 ton of slag is generated. Dumping or disposal of such huge quantities of slag cause environmental and space problems. During the past two decades attempts have been made by several investigators and copper producing units all over the world to explore the possible utilisation of copper slag. The favourable physico-mechanical characteristics of copper slag can be utilised to make the products like cement, fill, ballast, abrasive, aggregate, roofing granules, glass, tiles etc. apart from recovering the valuable metals by various extractive metallurgical routes. This paper gives a review of characteristics of copper slag as well as various processes such as pyro, hydro and combination of pyro-hydrometallurgical methods for metal recovery and preparation of value added products from copper slag.

Processing of copper electrorefining anode slime: a review

Abstract Anode slime is the insoluble product deposited at the bottom of the electrorefining tank during electrorefining of copper. It generally contains Cu, Ni, Se, Te, Ag, Au, platinum group metals (PGM), Pb, Ba, Fe, etc. Owing to the presence of valuable metals and metalloids in the anode slime, numerous approaches have been made by the researchers to extract them following pyro-, pyrohydro-, hydropyro-, hydrometallurgical, etc. routes. In the present paper the various processing routes with the special emphasis on plant practice and precious metals recovery from anode slime have been described systematically. Since the understanding of the process chemistry is considerably aided by the formation and characterisation studies of the slime, these aspects have also been included.

Simultaneous photoreductive removal of copper (II) and selenium (IV) under visible light over spherical binary oxide photocatalyst.

Waste water of copper mines and copper processing plant contains both copper and selenium ions with other contaminants. In this paper simultaneous photoreductive removal of copper (II) and selenium (IV) is studied for the first time using spherical binary oxide photocatalysts under visible light. All the synthesized materials are found to be mesoporous in nature with reasonably high surface area. Among a range of hole scavengers, only EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) and formic acid are found to be the most active for the reduction reaction. A comparative study is carried out using both the hole scavengers varying reaction time, concentration, pH etc. For a single contaminant, EDTA is found to be the best for Cu(II) reduction whereas formic acid is the best for Se(IV) reduction. In a mixed solution both EDTA and formic acid perform very well under visible light irradiation. Highest photocatalytic reduction in a mixed solution is observed at pH 3. Among all the synthesized materials, TiZr-10 performs as the best photocatalyst for both Cu(II) and Se(IV) reduction. However under UV light, Degussa P25 performs slightly better than TiZr-10. Present study shows that 100 ppm of mixed solution can be removed under visible light in 40 min of reaction using TiZr-10 as catalyst. Photodeposited material is found to be copper selenide rather than pure copper and selenium metal. This indicates that the waste water containing copper and selenium ions can be efficiently treated under visible or solar light.

Surfactant mediated synthesis of spherical binary oxides photocatalytic with enhanced activity in visible light

Spherical silica and zirconia mixed titania and pure titania samples were prepared in presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) through controlled hydrolysis of corresponding metal alcoxides. Effect of surfactant amount and calcinations temperature on morphology, surface area and photocatalytic activity is studied using PXRD, SEM, FTIR, Solid state UV-vis spectroscopy and BET surface area. It is well observed that in presence of 2 mol% CTAB, uniform sized spherical oxide particles can be synthesized. However, increasing or decreasing the surfactant amount does not favor the spherical particle formation. Material synthesis in presence of CTAB not only helps in the spherical particle formation but also increases the surface area and visible light absorption. Studies on photocatalytic lead removal with respect to calcination temperature indicate that the calcination at 500 degrees C is most suitable for the best photocatalytic activity. Mixing of zirconia and silica helps in anatase phase stabilization even at 900 degrees C calcination. Accordingly low decrease in surface area even at 900 degrees C calcination is observed. Due to the phase stabilization and higher surface area binary oxide materials showed comparatively better photocatalytic activity even after calcination at 900 degrees C. So it can be concluded that present synthesis approach can produce uniform sized spherical binary oxide materials with better photocatalytic activity in visible light.

Adsorptive remediation of Cu(II) and Cd(II) contaminated water using manganese nodule leaching residue

AbstractInvestigations carried out for the application of manganese nodule leaching residue in the removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption are described. Several parameters, namely pH of solution, time, initial concentration of adsorbate metal ion, residue dose, etc., have been varied to study the feasibility of using residue as potential adsorbent for remediation of Cu(II) and Cd(II) contaminated water. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order equation and the rate of adsorption increased with solution temperature. The equilibrium data was best fitted into Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacities of washed manganese nodule residue (wMNR) towards Cu(II) and Cd(II) were found to be 26.95 and 32.26 mg g−1, at pH 5.5 and temperature 303 K, which improved to 40.32 and 38.17 mg g−1, respectively, upon raising the solution temperature to 323 K. Negative values of ΔG° indicated that adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) onto wMNR was spontaneous. The activ...

Selenite adsorption using leached residues generated by reduction roasting-ammonia leaching of manganese nodules.

This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption characteristics of leached manganese nodule residue (MNR), generated from the reduction roasting-ammonia leaching process, towards aqueous selenite. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the leached residue was a complex mixture of oxides of mainly manganese and iron along with MnCO(3). Adsorption studies of the water washed leached residue (wMNR) at varying the pH, selenite ion concentration, wMNR dosage, heat treatment condition indicated that selenite uptake increased with increasing pH and heat-treatment temperature of wMNR. The maximum value of selenite uptake was obtained at pH ~5.0 with wMNR heat-treated at 400°C and thereafter decreased on increasing the pH and heat-treatment temperature further. The adsorption data were best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. The derived monolayer selenite adsorption capacities increased from, X(m)=9.50 mg Se/g (for untreated wMNR) to 15.08 mg Se/g (for wMNR heat-treated at 400°C). The results of the studies may be useful for possible utilization of MNR as an adsorbent for the removal of selenite ions from contaminated water bodies.

Silicomanganese production utilising low grade manganese nodules leaching residue

Abstract The use of washed leached manganese nodules residue (WMNR), generated by reductive roasting ammoniacal leaching of manganese nodule, for production of standard grade silicomanganese (Si16Mn63), via carbothermic reduction smelting in electric arc furnace was described. The lower Mn/Fe ratio of WMNR was improved by its blending with Mn ore. Various parameters, such as Mn/Fe, Mn/Si, coke addition, CaF2 addition and holding time, were varied to optimise process to produce the desired grade of silicomanganese. Under optimised set of conditions, a charge mix with Mn/Fe≥3·5 and Mn/Si≥2·5 at basicity {(CaO+MgO)/SiO2} of 0·2 and R ratio {(CaO+MgO)/Al2O3} of 1·8 produced the standard grade silicomanganese in 15 min holding time with >77% Mn recovery. Excess coke (110% of stochiometric amount) in the smelting and CaF2 additions to the tune of 4 wt-% (WMNR–Mn ore blend) during the holding time, improved the metallic yield and manganese recovery.

Anodic Dissolution Behaviour of Tungsten Carbide Scraps in Ammoniacal Media

In the present paper, potentiodynamic studies of WC scrap have been carried out as these studies give better idea about the anodic dissolution behaviour of the scrap material to recover the metal values. However, it has been seen that anodic passivation retards the dissolution of the scrap and adversely affects the recovery of metals. To minimize the passivity and to increase the anodic dissolution, some chemicals are often used as additives. Two different electrolytes namely hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia at varying concentrations had been employed for the above studies. The additives citric acid and oxalic acid were added to the acidic electrolyte whereas ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate and ammonium sulphate were added in different concentration to the ammoniacal electrolyte. The studies revealed that 2% citric acid in 1N HCl was the optimum to achieve maximum anodic dissolution (current) of WC scrap. On the other hand, 5% NH4Cl was found suitable to obtain maximum anodic dissolution (current) in the ammoniacal (150 g/L) medium. The potentiodynamic studies were followed by the actual electrodissolution experiments in an electrolytic cell with the help of a rectifier. The W and Co recoveries were encouraging.