R. M. S. Resende

Breeding tropical forages

Brazil has the largest commercial beef cattle herd and is the main beef exporter in the world. Cultivated pastures are the basis for the Brazilian beef production, and occupy an area of 101.4 million hectares. However, very few forage cultivars are commercially available, and the majority of these ar e of apomictic reproduction, thus genetically homogeneous. T ropical forage breeding is at its infancy, but much investment and efforts have been applied in the last three decades and some new cultivars have been released. In this paper, origin of different species, modes of reproduction, breeding programs and targets are discussed and the resulting new cultivars released are presented.

Análise biométrica e seleção de progênies tetraplóides de Panicum maximum usando os métodos de modelos mistos

The objectives of this work were to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters and to predict the genetic and genotypic values of the selection candidates obtained from intraspecific crosses in Panicum maximum as well as the performance of the hybrid progeny of the existing and projected crosses. Seventy-nine intraspecific hybrids obtained from artificial crosses among five apomictic and three sexual autotetraploid individuals were evaluated in a clonal test with two replications and ten plants per plot. Green matter yield, total and leaf dry matter yields and leaf percentage were evaluated in five cuts per year during three years. Genetic parameters were estimated and breeding and genotypic values were predicted using the restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction procedure (REML/BLUP). The dominant genetic variance was estimated by adjusting the effect of full-sib families. Low magnitude individual narrow sense heritabilities (0.02-0.05), individual broad sense heritabilities (0.14-0.20) and repeatability measured on an individual basis (0.15-0.21) were obtained. Dominance effects for all evaluated characteristics indicated that breeding strategies that explore heterosis must be adopted. Less than 5% increase in the parameter repeatability was obtained for a three-year evaluation period and may be the criterion to determine the maximum number of years of evaluation to be adopted, without compromising gain per cycle of selection. The identification of hybrid candidates for future cultivars and of those that can be incorporated into the breeding program was based on the genotypic and breeding values, respectively. The prediction of the performance of the hybrid progeny, based on the breeding values of the progenitors, permitted the identification of the best crosses and indicated the best parents to use in crosses.

Temperature treatment to overcome dormancy of Stylosanthes SW. seeds (fabaceae papilionoideae)

Stylosanthes SW. is a genus of tropical legume with great potential for use as forage in Brazil. In general this genus presents seed dormancy, which causes irregular germination, a serious problem in the establishment of pastures. Several studies have explored the use of high temperatures achieving good results not only in overcoming seed dormancy in forage, as well as in the eradication of seed pests aiming at decreasing the use of pesticides. Thus, to evaluate the effects of temperature treatments to overcome seed dormancy of Stylosanthes capitata, S. guianensis and S. macrocephala, seeds were exposed to 50, 60 and 70oC during 5, 10 and 15 hours. Seeds were then subjected to germination tests with four replications of 100 seeds each per treatment. The effect of treatment was evaluated by standard germination and speed germination index (IVG). For S. macrocephala and S. capitata the use of high temperatures overcame seed dormancy. For the first species the most efficient treatment was obtained with 60oC during 15 hours, however for S. capitata seeds the temperature of 70oC showed best results.