R. Paramanantham

Hydroxyl free radicals generated by vanadyl[IV] induce cell blebbing in mitotic human Chang liver cells

Vanadium has recently been reported to induce interphase and M-phase (mitotic) programmed cell death via the generation of hydroxyl free radicals (OH*). In this paper, the effects of antioxidants on: (a) vanadyl[IV]-generated OH* free radical levels; and (b) cellular glutathione in vanadyl [IV]-treated Chang liver cells were evaluated. The surface morphology of vanadyl-treated mitotic cells was studied by confocal and scanning microscopy. The free radical scavengers zinc chloride, glucose and thiourea reduced the levels of vanadyl-induced OH* free radicals and partially prevented the depletion of cellular glutathione. Concurrent with OH* free radical production, vanadyl-treated telophase cells exhibited excessive cell blebbing and cell shrinkage. The morphological features demonstrated in vanadyl-induced mitotic programmed cell death as a consequence of oxidative stress is novel.

INDUCTION OF VANADIUM ACCUMULATION AND NUCLEAR SEQUESTRATION CAUSING CELL SUICIDE IN HUMAN CHANG LIVER CELLS

Very little is known about the modulation of vanadium accumulation in cells, although this ultratrace element has long been seen as an essential nutrient in lower life forms, but not necessarily in humans where factors modulating cellular uptake of vanadium seem unclear. Using nuclear microscopy, which is capable of the direct evaluation of free and bound (total) elemental concentrations of single cells we show here that an NH4Cl acidification prepulse causes distinctive accumulation of vanadium (free and bound) in human Chang liver cells, concentrating particularly in the nucleus. Vanadium loaded with acidification but leaked away with realkalinization, suggests proton-dependent loading. Vanadyl(4), the oxidative state of intracellular vanadium ions, is known to be a potent source of hydroxyl free radicals (OH.). The high oxidative state of nuclei after induction of vanadyl(4) loading was shown by the redox indicator methylene blue, suggesting direct oxidative damage to nuclear DNA. Flow cytometric evaluation of cell cycle phase-specific DNA composition showed degradation of both 2N and 4N DNA phases in G1, S and G2/M cell cycle profiles to a solitary 1N DNA peak, in a dose-dependent manner, effective from micromolar vanadyl(4) levels. This trend was reproduced with microccocal nuclease digestion in a time response, supporting the notion of DNA fragmentation effects. Several other approaches confirmed fragmentation occurring in virtually all cells after 4 mM V(4) loading. Ultrastructural profiles showed various stages of autophagic autodigestion and well defined plasma membrane outlines, consistent with programmed cell death but not with necrotic cell death. Direct intranuclear oxidative damage seemed associated with the induction of mass suicide in these human Chang liver cells following vanadium loading and nuclear sequestration.

Apoptotic condensations in m‐phase cells

ABSTRACT Background: Apoptosis is a morphologically distinctive form of programmed cell death/cell suicide in which genomic DNA degradation/fragmentation and variegated dense chromatin aggregates are characteristic hallmarks that have never been demonstrated in mitotic cells. Perceptions of mutual exclusivity between apoptosis and mitosis imply that M‐phase cells cannot be apoptotic. However, in the present study we show apoptotic morphologies in M‐phase cells after an acute oxidative stress and endonuclease digestion.

Adding Zn2+ induces DNA fragmentation and cell condensation in cultured human Chang liver cells

Zinc (Zn) is a trace element in human cells and regarded as an essential nutrient with established deficiency states affecting multiple organs in the body. However, it has been reported that Zn uptake is associated with some serious harmful effects, such as inhibition of DNA synthesis and enhanced toxicity from reactive oxygen species. We have previously shown that in vivo administration of Zn2+ in C57/6J mice induces weight loss and massive hair loss where the normal course hair becomes replaced by fine vello hair, simulating the side effects from cancer chemotherapy where oxidative free radical damage is implicated in association with DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death (PCD). Here, in vitro flow cytometric studies on human Chang liver showed Zn2+ causing cell condensation with DNA fragmentation that occurred in a dose-dependent manner, an effect replicated by micrococcal nuclease digestion. Specific terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (TdT) mediated labeling of 3′-OH ends of DNA nicks corroborated the flow cytometric profiles of propidium iodide-DNA binding where degradation of both 2 and 4N genomic DNA resulted in a solitary 1N peak presentation. DNA degradation concomitant with cell condensation is seen as an estabilished hallmark of PCD. We further showed that Zn2+ could enhance the generation of hydroxyl free radicals (OH•) by the transition metal vanadium. Glutathione, the cells main reducing agent, underwent corresponding reduction. The results suggested that Zn supplementation could induce features resembling PCD.

Flow cytometric evaluation of the DNA profile and cell cycle of zinc supplemented human Chang liver cells

Zinc, an essential trace element, is important for normal cell growth. Growing children, especially at puberty, require increased zinc (2.8 mg/day for males and 2.65 mg/day for females). The DNA profile and cell cycle of human Chang liver cells grown in 0–900 μmol/L zinc chloride supplemented serum‐free media for 24 h were analyzed using a Coulter flow cytometer. There was no significant difference in the G1, S and G2/M phases between zinc treated cells and control cultures except at 90 and 900 μmol/L zinc chloride. At these two higher dosages, fragmentation of genomic DNA into sub‐2N DNA (sub‐G1 DNA), generally considered a hallmark of programmed cell death (PCD), was noted. Results of the present study seem to suggest that growth regulation by zinc during growth spurts such as at puberty, could also be influenced by other factors besides its direct effect on DNA synthesis. In addition, high dosages of zinc could be cytotoxic.

Nuclear microscopy of single whole cultured cells: preparation and analysis of human Chang liver cells

Abstract Nuclear microscopy is a powerful tool for the measurement of elemental concentrations in single cells. Six methods involving the use of various fixing agents, rinsing agents and drying methods were tried in the preparation of cultured human Chang liver cells for nuclear microscopy and the suitability of each method was evaluated by monitoring the K Na ratios and shapes of individual cells. The K Na ratio is a commonly used criteria for the ionic integrity of cells; K Na ratios well above 1 indicates minimal perturbation of the intracellular ionic composition. Non-stimulated human Chang liver cells in a resting state are usually polygonal in shape and flattened in firm anchorage to the substrate, while dividing or stimulated cells appear rounded. Therefore the shapes of the cells can be used as an indicator of whether the cells are in a resting or stimulated state. It is not desirable for cells to be in a stimulated state since then the effects of other external stimuli cannot be observed independently. Of the six methods tested, chemical fixation, as expected, was considered non-ideal for the preparation of human cultured Chang liver cells. Ice-cold 150 mM sucrose was found to be the most suitable rinsing solution for the preparation of cultured human Chang liver cells. Both freeze-drying and air-drying were used as drying methods and cells processed by either method were found to have K Na ratios well above 1. Hence both drying methods were found to be suitable although membrane blotting followed by air-drying was preferred as excess rinsing solution can be very quickly removed during the blotting process. The K Na ratios of cells on the same target holder but from different regions were found to be dependent on the local cell density. Cells which are locally dense-packed were found to have a much higher K Na ratio than cells in a less dense region.

Acidification-and-recovery induces nuclear accumulation of neutral red and DNA into human KB oral carcinoma cells

In cultures of oral cancers, gene transfer has been achieved by delivery systems which introduce DNA into cells but not specifically into the nucleus. We observed that acidification and recovery converted the nuclear-insulated interphase KB carcinoma cells into intense nuclear-accumulating states. Nuclear sequestration of the vital dye neutral red and T7 oligonucleotide was demonstrated qualitatively, and quantitatively by image analysis of single cells. pGem beta gal plasmids of 6.8 kb were introduced into KB cells by similar acidification and recovery pulses. Successful integration into the host KB genome was shown by expression of the lacZ gene of the plasmids. Enhanced nucleo-cytoplasmic transport demonstrated here in KB oral epidermoid carcinoma cells could potentially facilitate gene therapy in oral cancers.

Acidification and Recovery Results in Nuclear Accumulation of Supravital Dyes during Interphase

Recent studies using real time imaging demonstrated relative nuclear insulation for ion-size particles. We show here that acidification and recovery converted the insulated interphase nuclei of KB carcinoma and nontumorigenic Chang cells into intense nuclear accumulating states marked by sequestration of the exogenous supravital dyes neutral red, methylene blue, and brilliant cresyl blue. The phenomenon was not affected by Na(+)-free and HCO3(-)-free conditions nor by the presence of cationic and anionic antiport regulators of cytosolic pH. Cytological, microspectrophotometric, and flow cytometric evaluation of whole cell populations showed that the nuclear influx was abolished by omitting the pH recovery response, and by modulating the recovery response. The abolition of nuclear influx in the presence of the P-ATPase and Fzero-ATPase inhibitors, vanadyl(IV) ions and oligomycin, respectively, suggest that H(+)-translocating ATPase pumps are involved in regulating cytosolic acidification in Na(+)-free and HCO3-conditions vanadyl(IV) inhibited nuclear uptake of supravital dyes in a dose dependent manner. Nuclear uptake of dyes, however, was not affected by up to 1 mM of genistein even though tyrosine-specific phosphorylation and DNA synthesis were abolished. Upgradient nuclear influx involving proton pump is novel. KB cancer cells and nontumorigenic Chang cells had differential dye accumulations induced by acidification and recovery.