R. Penninx

Citizenship in European cities : immigrants, local politics and integration policies

Contents: Introduction: European cities and their new residents, Rinus Penninx, Karen Kraal, Marco Martiniello and Steven Vertovec The politics of minority-majority relations: how immigrant policies developed in Paris, Berlin and Zurich, Hans Mahnig Ethnic minority local councillors in French and British cities: social determinants and political opportunity structures, Romain Garbaye Comparing local policies toward migrants: an analytical framework, a typology and preliminary survey results, Michael Alexander Do immigrant policies matter? ethnic civic communities and immigrant policies in Amsterdam, Liege and Zurich, Meindert Fennema and Jean Tillie Top-down and bottom-up reconsidered: the dynamics of immigrant policies in local civil society, M. Margarida Marques and Rui Santos Migrants as mediators in a comparative perspective, Damian Moore Integration processes and policies: state of the art and lessons, Rinus Penninx and Marco Martiniello Index.

The multilevel governance of migration and integration

This chapter focuses on migration and integration as multilevel policy issues and explores the consequences in terms of multilevel governance. Immigration policymaking has been characterized by continued struggle between national governments and the EU about the amount of discretion states have in interpreting EU directives. The involvement of local and regional governments in debates about intra-EU migration, particularly East–west migration from new member states, has further complicated the situation. Regarding integration, even more complex relations have emerged between local, regional, national, and EU institutions. The superdiverse cities of Europe, such as Barcelona, London, Berlin, and Rotterdam, have taken policy directions very different from their national governments, effectively “decoupling” national and local policies. While politicization of migrant integration continues to drive policies in many countries, the EU has developed various soft governance measures to promote policy learning between local governments. This chapter examines the recent evolution of migration and integration policies at the EU, national, and local levels, as well as the regional level. This enables us to understand the factors that drive policies at the different levels and the extent that these lead to convergence or divergence between the levels. Also analysed are the relations—or absence of relations—between levels of government. To make sense of these relations, a framework is applied that allows for different arrangements of relations. The notion of “multilevel governance” provides one possible way of structuring relations between various government levels.

Integration processes and policies in Europe: contexts, levels and actors

In this open access book, experts on integration processes, integration policies, transnationalism, and the migration and development framework provide an academic assessment of the 2011 European Agenda for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals, which calls for integration policies in the EU to involve not only immigrants and their society of settlement, but also actors in their country of origin. Moreover, a heuristic model is developed for the non-normative, analytical study of integration processes and policies based on conceptual, demographic, and historical accounts. The volume addresses three interconnected issues: What does research have to say on (the study of) integration processes in general and on the relevance of actors in origin countries in particular? What is the state of the art of the study of integration policies in Europe and the use of the concept of integration in policy formulation and practice? Does the proposal to include actors in origin countries as important players in integration policies find legitimation in empirical research? A few general conclusions are drawn. First, integration policies have developed at many levels of government: nationally, locally, regionally, and at the supra-national level of the EU. Second, a multitude of stakeholders has become involved in integration as policy designers and implementers. Finally, a logic of policymaking—and not an evidence-based scientific argument—can be said to underlie the European Commission’s redefinition of integration as a three-way process.

Regulating Migration in Europe: the Dutch experience 1960-1992.

Like other West European countries, the Netherlands has become an immigration country against its will. Since 1960, three migration flows in particular have contributed to the migration surplus: labor migration from the Mediterranean area, migration from former Dutch colonies, and migration of international refugees. In each case, the measures taken by the Dutch government to regulate the migration have not been successful. This article analyzes why it is so difficult, if not impossible, to effectively implement migration regulations. A very important reason seems to be the contradictory aims of the welfare state that, on the one hand, tries to keep immigrants out but, on the other hand, seeks to ensure full civil rights for the immigrant population settled in the country.

International migration, the economic crisis and the state: An analysis of Mediterranean migration to Western Europe

An analysis of labor migration from Mediterranean countries to Western Europe is presented. Attention is paid to the influence of the economic crises of the 1970s on this migration and to the impact of migration policies in countries of immigration with particular reference to the success of these policies in promoting return migration. The data concern the migration of Spaniards Yugoslavs Italians Turks and Moroccans to the Netherlands the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland. The authors note a substantial decline in labor migration after the oil crisis of 1973-1974 but a continuing migration of dependents up to 1980. Return migration which was substantial has declined as immigration has declined; the potential for further migration despite the increasing pressures for it in host countries is practically zero.

The Concept of Integration as an Analytical Tool and as a Policy Concept

This chapter expands on recent approaches to the concept of integration. It defines integration in an open non-normative fashion as “the process of becoming an accepted part of society”. For the study of integration processes and policies a heuristic model is presented encompassing three analytically distinct dimensions in which people may (or may not) become an accepted part of society: (i) the legal-political, (ii) the socio-economic, and (iii) the cultural-religious. Each dimension involves different parties (the immigrants themselves and the receiving society), different levels of analysis (the individual, collective, and institutional levels), and other relevant factors such as time and generations. For the study of integration policies, policy frames, concrete policy measures, and both the vertical and horizontal aspects of integration policymaking are considered in order to account for the complex, multi-layered, and often contradictory character of integration policies. Use of the heuristic device enables integration processes and policies to be systematically described. However, comparison is key when the aim is to explain differences (and similarities) in integration outcomes. The conclusion returns to the concepts of integration and integration policies and suggests avenues for further research.

Integrating Immigrants in Europe. Research-Policy Dialogues

1: Research-policy dialogues on migrant integration in Europe: A conceptual framework and key questions: Peter Scholten, Han Entzinger and Rinus Penninx.- PART I - FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH-POLICY DIALOGUES: 2: Cultures of knowledge use in policymaking: The functions of research in German and UK immigration policy: Christina Boswell.- 3: Migration statistics in Europe: A core component of governance and population research: Albert Kraler, David Reichel and Han Entzinger.- 4: The coproduction of national models of integration: A view from France and the Netherlands: Christophe Bertossi, Jan Willem Duyvendak and Peter Scholten.- 5: Consultative commissions and the rethinking of integration policies in the Netherlands and Germany: The Blok Commission and the Sussmuth Commission compared: Jan Schneider and Peter Scholten.- 6: European cities in search of knowledge for their integration policies. Rinus Penninx.- 7: EU policymaking and research: Case studies of the Communication on a Community Immigration Policy and the Common Basic Principles for Integration: Sandra Pratt.- 8: Speaking truth to power? Why civil society, beyond academia, remains marginal in EU migration policy: Ann Singleton.- PART II - RESEARCH-POLICY DIALOGUES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND SEVEN OF ITS MEMBER STATES: 9: Research-policy dialogues in Austria: Maren Borkert.- 10: Research-policy dialogues in Italy: Tiziana Caponio.- 11: Research-policy dialogues in Germany: Friedrich Heckmann and Delia Wiest.- 12: Research-policy dialogues in the Netherlands: Stijn Verbeek, Han Entzinger and Peter Scholten.- 13: Research-policy dialogues in the United Kingdom: Alistair Hunter and Christina Boswell.- 14: Research-policy dialogues in Poland: Mikolaj Pawlak.- 15: Research-policy dialogues in Denmark: Martin Bak Jorgensen.- 16: Research-policy dialogues in the European Union: Andrew Geddes and Marthe Achtnich.- PART III - COMPARISON AND CONCLUSIONS: 17. Research-policy dialogues on migrant integration in Europe: Comparison and conclusions: Peter Scholten, Han Entzinger and Rinus Penninx.- Appendix I: Biographies of Authors.- Appendix II: Publications of the DIAMINT Project/IMISCOE Standing Committee on Research-Policy Dialogues.

European cities in search of knowledge for their integration policies

Research-policy dialogues may take place not only at the national and EU level, but also at the local level, especially in cities. However, research on how local policymakers call on researchers, or how researchers try to influence the policymaking process in cities is scarce. This chapter explores research-policy dialogues in European cities: their forms, contents and use. Furthermore, it addresses the question of how local research-policy dialogues relate to national policies and what role the EU plays in promoting horizontal exchange of knowledge between European cities. It concludes that especially the EU has played a key role in promoting the horizontal exchange of best practices by providing research funding and by establishing various European city networks.

Trade unions and migrant workers: New contexts and challenges in Europe

This volume constitutes an extensive update of a previous comparative analysis – published by Rinus Penninx and Judith Roosblad in 2000 – that has become an important reference in the field. The book offers an overview of how trade unions manage issues of inclusion and solidarity in the current economic and political context, characterized by increasing challenges for labour organizations and rising hostility towards migrants. The qualitative analysis of trade union strategies towards immigration and migrant workers is based on a common analytical framework centred on the idea of ‘dilemmas’ that trade unions have to face when dealing with immigration and migrant workers. This approach facilitates comparative analysis and distinguishes patterns of union policies and actions across three groups of countries, identifying some explanations for observed similarities and differences. In addition, the book also includes theoretical chapters by expert scholars from a range of disciplinary fields including industrial relations, migration studies and political economy. Co-published with ILERA and Edward Elgar Publishing.

Introduction: Integration as a three-way process approach?

This chapter introduces the topic of this volume, which is the recent departure from viewing integration as a strictly two-way process (between migrants and the receiving society) to acknowledge the potential role that countries of origin might play in support of the integration process. It traces the origin of this change in policy perspective, reviewing the Europeanization of immigration and integration policy since the Tampere Programme (1999–2004). Indeed, a major shift in policy framing came in 2011, with the renewed European Agenda for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals, which explicitly added the countries of origin as a third key actor in the process of immigrants’ integration, thereby introducing the three-way process in European policy. In addition to tracing the development of European policy on integration, it takes a step back to consider three broad and interconnected issues: (i) the way integration is conceptualized and studied in Europe; (ii) the way integration policies are studied and how the concept of integration is used in policy formulation and practice; and (iii) the way new perspectives and actors (e.g., those in countries of origin) are incorporated in analyses of integration processes and policies. It concludes by introducing the further structure of the volume.