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Dive into the research topics where R. Reimert is active.

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Featured researches published by R. Reimert.


Journal of The Electrochemical Society | 2008

Coke Formation and Degradation in SOFC Operation with a Model Reformate from Liquid Hydrocarbons

H. Timmermann; W. Sawady; D. Campbell; André Weber; R. Reimert; Ellen Ivers-Tiffée

The influence of hydrocarbon-containing fuel gases on cell performance and coke formation is investigated in this work, wherein acetylene is applied as a model compound for the coke formation. The dependence of coke yield on acetylene amount (volume fraction of 0.05-0.50%) and gas composition is analyzed. Further parameters which are varied are temperature (650-850°C) and operation time. It is shown that the mass of coke that is formed on the cell depends strongly on acetylene volume fraction and temperature. As a consequence, acetylene has a severe influence on the electrical cell performance, and acetylene concentration and temperature can be correlated to degradation effects.


Fuel | 1998

Classification of volatile products evolved during temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish oil shales with low density polyethylene

Levent Ballice; Mithat Yüksel; Mehmet Sağlam; R. Reimert; Hans Schulz

Temperature programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish oil shales with LDPE was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of coprocessing of oil shale with LDPE. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with oil shale and LDPE using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of oil shale to plastic. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of oil shale and LDPE mixture under an inert gas flow (Argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified as a carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as a organic volatile products was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of oil shale1,2 and LDPE. The effect of coprocessing of oil shale with LDPE was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. The effect of kerogen type of oil shale on co-pyrolysis operation was also investigated. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found lower with increasing LDPE ratio in oil shale-LDPE system while C16+ hydrocarbons and the amount of coke deposit were higher in the presence of LDPE.


Catalysis Today | 2003

Deep desulfurization of middle distillates: process adaptation to oil fractions compositions

Esteban Pedernera; R. Reimert; Ngoc Luan Nguyen; Vincent van Buren

Abstract The influence of oil fractions’ compositions on the conversion of sulfurous components was investigated in a trickle-bed reactor in laboratory scale. A commercially available NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was used throughout the investigations. Experimental results including sulfur conversion of different oil fractions and residence time distributions under reacting conditions are presented. The hydrogen consumption is ascribed to the conversion of sulfur and of nitrogen, to the hydrogenation of aromatics and to hydrocracking based on a simulation applying ASPEN Plus®. Various configurations of the desulfurization process are evaluated but no advantage is found by separate treatment of individual oil fractions. In addition, experiments were carried out to determine liquid distribution and wetting efficiency in a catalyst bed by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique.


Applied Spectroscopy | 2009

Investigation of Hydrogenation of Toluene to Methylcyclohexane in a Trickle Bed Reactor by Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Gisela Guthausen; Agnes von Garnier; R. Reimert

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is applied to study the hydrogenation of toluene in a lab-scale reactor. A conventional benchtop NMR system was modified to achieve chemical shift resolution. After an off-line validity check of the approach, the reaction product is analyzed on-line during the process, applying chemometric data processing. The conversion of toluene to methylcyclohexane is compared with off-line gas chromatographic analysis. Both classic analytical and chemometric data processing was applied. As the results, which are obtained within a few tens of seconds, are equivalent within the experimental accuracy of both methods, low-field NMR spectroscopy was shown to provide an analytical tool for reaction characterization and immediate feedback.


Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis | 2002

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish lignite with polypropylene

Levent Ballice; R. Reimert

Abstract Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Soma-lignites form Turkey with polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing of Soma-lignites with PP. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with lignites and PP using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of lignites to plastic. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of lignites and PP mixture under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products released from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n -Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of co-pyrolysis products were classified by a carbon number. In addition, the performance of the experimental apparatus was investigated by establishing a carbon balance, and the degree of recovery of total organic carbon of the samples as aliphatic hydrocarbons and in solid residue was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of lignites and PP. The effect of co-processing of lignites with PP was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found higher with increasing PP ratio in lignites–PP system while C 16+ hydrocarbons and the amount of coke deposit were lower in the presence of PP.


Molecules | 2007

Modeling of Acetylene Pyrolysis under Steel Vacuum Carburizing Conditions in a Tubular Flow Reactor

R.U. Khan; S. Bajohr; F. Graf; R. Reimert

In the present work, the pyrolysis of acetylene was studied under steel vacuum carburizing conditions in a tubular flow reactor. The pyrolysis temperature ranged from 650 degrees C to 1050 degrees C. The partial pressure of acetylene in the feed mixture was 10 and 20 mbar, respectively, while the rest of the mixture consisted of nitrogen. The total pressure of the mixture was 1.6 bar. A kinetic mechanism which consists of seven species and nine reactions has been used in the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Fluent. The species transport and reaction model of Fluent was used in the simulations. A comparison of simulated and experimental results is presented in this paper.


HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials | 2011

Experimentelle Untersuchung und Modellierung des Niederdruck-Carbonitrierens*

Laszlo Hagymasi; T. Waldenmaier; J. Schwarzer; V. Schulze; R. Reimert

Kurzfassung Das Gas-Carbonitrieren ist ein seit Jahrzehnten etabliertes Wärmebehandlungsverfahren. Im Vergleich zum reinen Aufkohlen, ermöglicht die zusätzliche Zugabe von Stickstoff eine höhere Härtbarkeit sowie eine bessere Anlass- und Verschleißbeständigkeit. Beim klassischen Verfahren besteht die Gefahr der Randoxidation der Bauteiloberflächen. In Abhängigkeit von der Bauteilbeanspruchung muss die Oxidschicht durch eine kostenintensive Nachbearbeitung entfernt werden. Bei komplexen Bauteilgeometrien, wie beispielsweise Tieflochbohrungen, ist eine Nachbearbeitung meist nicht möglich. Die Randoxidation kann durch das Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren vermieden werden. Ohne ein grundlegendes Verständnis über die Wechselwirkungen der Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffdonatoren bei den Oberflächenvorgängen und des Kohlenstoffs und Stickstoffs beim Stofftransport in der Eisenmatrix ist jedoch eine Prozessauslegung bei diesem neuartigen Verfahren nur mit hohem zeitlichem und experimentellem Aufwand möglich. Daher soll der Stofftransport modelliert werden, um eine schnelle, simulationsgestützte Auslegung zu ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Modell zur vollständigen Beschreibung der Stofftransportvorgänge beim Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren vorgestellt. Ein Vergleich der mathematischen Ansätze mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen erfolgt nur bei der Beschreibung der Diffusion. Es werden die Ergebnisse zur Löslichkeit und zur Diffusion des Stickstoffs in den Einsatzstählen 20MnCr5 und 18CrNi8 präsentiert. Die Wärmebehandlung erfolgte in einem industriellen Vakuumofen. Im ersten Schritt wurde die Stickstofflöslichkeit in Abhängigkeit der Legierungszusammensetzung, des Drucks und der Temperatur untersucht. Im zweiten Schritt folgte die Modellierung der Diffusionsvorgänge. In erster Näherung zeigen die berechneten Verläufe der Kohlenstoff- und der Stickstoffkonzentrationen im Stahl eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen.


HTM Härtereitechnische Mitteilungen | 2007

Modellierung des Pyrolyseverhaltens von Ethin unter den Bedingungen des Niederdruckaufkohlens von Stahl

D. Buchholz; R.U. Khan; F. Graf; S. Bajohr; R. Reimert

Kurzfassung Die bei der Niederdruckaufkohlung von Stahl im Ofenraum und an der Stahloberfläche ablaufenden Pyrolyse- und Aufkohlungsvorgänge sind bisher nur zum Teil verstanden. Am Engler-Bunte-Institut wird vor allem unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Minimierung der Aufbauproduktbildung und des Verständnisses der Entstehung höherer Kohlenwasserstoffe die Aufkohlung mit verschiedenen kurzkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffen untersucht. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Artikels wird die Modellierung des homogenen Pyrolyseverhaltens von Ethin unter den Bedingungen des Niederdruckaufkohlens von Stahl vorgestellt. Mit einem formalkinetischen Modell für die homogene Ethinpyrolyse können die in verschiedenen Laborapparaturen ablaufenden Pyrolysereaktionen über einen weiten Versuchsparameterbereich, unter Bedingungen nahe denen industrieller Anlagen, zuverlässig beschrieben werden.


Fuel Processing Technology | 1986

Characterization of coals for Lurgi pressure gasification and other moving bed processes: A method for reactivity parameter estimation from bench scale experiments

Georg Schaub; R. Reimert

Abstract A method has been developed which yields global reactivity parameters of coals under conditions pertinent to gasification in moving bed reactors, in particular to the Lurgi process. The experimental procedure uses a bench scale pressure apparatus which allows the determination of other coal properties, besides reactivity, significant for gasification in moving bed reactors, like particle disintegration behaviour etc.. Herein, a coal sample of about 2 kg can be exposed subsequently to the conditions in the drying, pyrolysis and gasification zones of the moving bed gasifier. The data analysis procedure for the determination of reactivity parameters comprises a nonlinear fit of carbon gasification rate data by means of a first order kinetic model. As an example, results from a gasification experiment with North Dakota lignite related to the Lurgi process are presented. Pre-exponential factor and activation energy are estimated as global reactivity parameters from the data. They are intended to serve as coal-specific input data for kinetic models of commercial scale gasification reactors, thus widening the range of application of such models in reactor design and optimization.


HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials | 2015

Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren mit Aminen* Low Pressure Carbonitriding with Amines

D. Koch; Laszlo Hagymasi; T. Waldenmaier; S. Bajohr; R. Reimert

Kurzfassung Das Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren ist ein modernes Verfahren zum Einsatzhärten von niedriglegierten Einsatzstählen. Bei ihm werden Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff bei Gesamtdrücken von kleiner 50 mbar und bei Temperaturen über 800 °C in der Randschicht der zu behandelnden Werkstücke angereichert. In der Literatur wird fast ausschließlich Ammoniak als Stickstoffdonator, in Verbindung mit einem Kohlenstoffdonator, meist Ethin oder Propan, als Prozessgas diskutiert [1–3]. Der Einsatz anderer Gase bzw. Gasmischungen als Donatoren für Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff sowie deren Wirksamkeit bei der Anreicherung der Randschicht mit den genannten Elementen wird so gut wie nicht behandelt. Am Engler-Bunte-Institut des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie wurden daher potenzielle Prozessgase für das Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren identifiziert. Deren Wirksamkeit beim Anreichern einer Bauteils-Randschicht mit Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff wurde in einer Thermowaage experimentell untersucht. Mit Methylamin (CH3NH2) und Dimethylamin ((CH3)2NH) konnten zwei Prozessgase gefunden werden, die im Vergleich zu Ammoniak in Verbindung mit einem Kohlenstoffdonator (z. B. Ethin, Propan) zu einer guten Anreicherung der Randschicht mit Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff führen. Auf Basis einer vorangegangenen Potenzialanalyse werden in der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung ausschließlich Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren mit Methylamin vorgestellt.

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S. Bajohr

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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F. Graf

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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M. Götz

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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U. Hennings

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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M. Wolf

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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Georg Schaub

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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Ellen Ivers-Tiffée

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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T. Kolb

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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H. Timmermann

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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