R. Rosenhaim

The characterization of Co xZn7-xSb2O12 spinel obtained by the pechini method

Oxides with spinel structures have been studied for many decades as they have been used in a variety of applications like pigments and refractories. They have also been used as a model structure to evaluate the relative stability of ions in octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Zinc- antimony spinels (Zn7Sb2O12) were synthesized by the Pechini method and the cation Zn2+ was substituted by Co2+, taking into consideration the stoichiometry of CoxZn7-xSb2O12 (x = 0 - 7). Characterization of the thermal properties of pyrolyzed powders was carried out with a TG/DTA analyzer, and mass losses were determined as a function of the cobalt content in the resin. The powders were calcined at temperatures in the range 600 to 1000 °C and characterized by XRD, BET and IR spectroscopy. Maximum cristalinity was obtained in powders calcined at 1000 °C. Materials with x = 5 - 7 revealed the presence of a secondary phase (Co, Zn)Sb2O6. Infrared analysis facilitated in the determination of the possible sites of Zn2+, Co2+ and Sb2+ ions in the lattice.

Biochemical compositions and fatty acid profiles in four species of microalgae cultivated on household sewage and agro-industrial residues

The potential of four regional microalgae species was evaluated in relation to their cell growth and biomass production when cultured in the following alternative media: bio-composts of fruit/horticultural wastes (HB), sugarcane waste and vinasse (VB) chicken excrements (BCE), raw chicken manure (RCM), and municipal domestic sewage (MDS). The cultures were maintained under controlled conditions and their growth responses, productivities, biochemical compositions, and the ester profiles of their biomasses were compared to the results obtained in the synthetic media. The MDS and HB media demonstrated promising results for cultivation, especially of Chlorella sp., Chlamydomonas sp., and Lagerheimia longiseta, which demonstrated productivities superior to those seen when grown on the control media. The highest lipid levels were obtained with the HB medium. The data obtained demonstrated the viability of cultivating microalgae and producing biomass in alternative media prepared from MDS and HB effluents to produce biodiesel.

Assessment of the antioxidant effect of ethanol extract of Allium sativum L., isolated and/or synergistically associated with synthetic antioxidants, applied to linseed oil

The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant power of ethanol extract of garlic (EEGL), isolated or associated with synthetic tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidants on the thermal and oxidative stability of linseed oil. The total phenolic content (Folin–Ciocalteu) of EEGL was preliminary determined as a procedure prior to additive supplementation of linseed oil. The EEGL effect, associated or not with TBHQ or BHT, on the oxidative stability of linseed oil was evaluated using the thermogravimetry, pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), PetroOxy, and Rancimat. The results showed that EEGL, isolated or associated to synthetic antioxidants, conferred significant increase to the oxidative stability of linseed oil, offering resistance against primary oxidation, especially for samples LOGL 150, LOGL 100, and LOGL/TBHQ (50/50). Given the antioxidant potential and synergistic effect of garlic extract, when used in isolation or associated with TBHQ or BHT, it is feasible to use EEGL for the partial or total replacement of synthetic antioxidants by the edible oils industry.

Natural clay applied to the clarification of used automotive lubricating oil

Clarification process using clays is widely used in the used lubricating oils re-refining industry, mainly because of its adsorbent capacity to retain impurities. This study aimed to the determination of optimal conditions for used lubricating oil clarification process, using natural clays as well as its recovery to be re-used to the process. The re-refining process of used lubricating oil was optimized from experimental design. Recovered clays showed no significant changes in their original structures, according to the X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyzes. The results of used lubricating oil characterizations were in accordance to the ANP resolution no 130, which regulates its commercialization in the country. All solvents were recovered by vacuum distillation.

Flow properties of biodiesel: correlation between TMDSC and dynamic viscosity

Sustainable and renewable energy has become more attractive due to its environmental benefits. Among these alternative sources, biodegradable and low emission biodiesels have been gaining attention as compared to diesel. However, their performance at low temperatures affects their commercial viability, because of engine performance problems, and when starting. Cold Filter Plugging Point, Pour Point, and Cloud Point are employed to predict the limits of operability for biodiesel. However, dynamic viscosity and TM-DSC methods are also useful to assess these properties and can be correlated. Viscosity curves were obtained, and TM-DSC revealed that the start temperature (transition liquid–solid) exhibits an increase in flow resistance for soybean, colza, sunflower, corn, and babassu oil biodiesels. The nucleation processes which occur during cooling are unique for each type of biodiesel due to the presence of different ester compositions and the values for viscosity and flow at low temperatures varied accordingly.