Radmila Sparic

Uterine sliding sign: a simple sonographic predictor for presence of deep infiltrating endometriosis of the rectum

To evaluate whether the presence of uterorectal adhesions demonstrated by transvaginal sonography (TVS) could aid as a simple sonographic predictor for deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) of the rectum in patients with symptoms suggestive of endometriosis.

Cesarean myomectomy trends and controversies: an appraisal.

Abstract Objective: Although the first report on cesarean myomectomy (CM) was a century ago, the management of a myomectomy during a cesarean section (CS) remains controversial. The objective of this study is to provide the latest data on this topic regarding the techniques and complications of CM. Methods: The authors consulted the most important scientific databases investigating the indications and contraindications for CM, the operational techniques, benefits and complications. Results: CM provides the benefits of two surgeries in one laparotomy, avoiding the risks of repeated anesthesia and relaparotomy. Nevertheless, in some patients, CM may be associated with increased morbidity and, in such cases, an interval myomectomy might be a safer option. Myomas compromising fetal extraction and uterine incision and/or suturing should be preferably enucleated during CS. CM is generally considered relatively safe in cases of anterior wall myomas, subserous and pedunculated myomas, particularly if a myomectomy is feasible without additional hysterotomy. Multiple myomas, deep intramural, fundal and cornual myomas and posterior uterine wall myomas are associated with more surgical complications during CM. Conclusions: With increasing reports in favor of CM, the risk–benefit ratio should be still evaluated with randomized controlled trials, in order to achieve more data on CM.

Intrapartum sonographic signs: new diagnostic tools in malposition and malrotation

Abstract In the past years, numerous studies have been published on the use of ultrasound during labor, showing this is an effective, accurate and objective tool for the assessment of the fetal head position and station. Literature affirmed that traditional transvaginal digital examination is highly subjective and dependent on the operator’s experience. On the contrary, the use of intrapartum suprapubic transabdominal ultrasound can improve accuracy in determination of fetal head position and the precise knowledge of the location of specific fetal head landmarks in relationship to maternal pelvis. Intrapartum ultrasound will assist obstetricians in the diagnosis of normal labor progression, suggesting when medical and or operative intervention should be taken in case of complications. During each fetal head movement, there is a very specific relationship between fetal head landmarks and well-identified maternal structures, so the ultrasound diagnosis is performed step by step. In this review, we summarized the clinical situation of the fetal head in the pelvis and the relative ultrasonographic signs. Moreover, we collected all the ultrasonographic measures to diagnose the fetal head progression and rotations in the birth canal.

Cesarean myomectomy in modern obstetrics: More light and fewer shadows

The study aim was to evaluate management of myomas during cesarean section, the pro and cons and the outcomes of cesarean myomectomy. Moreover, we tried to investigate the long‐term outcomes of cesarean myomectomy. The authors conducted a literature review using scientific databases, focusing on the benefits and outcomes of cesarean myomectomy and the recent trends regarding this topic, and identified relevant articles, related references and other papers citing them. Despite the demonstrated advantages of cesarean myomectomy, postponed myomectomy after cesarean section was recommended in some instances. Apart from recent reports on the safety and feasibility of cesarean myomectomy, the current literature also describes serious complications of cesarean myomectomy, including even maternal death. This poses a question about the reported rate of complications: whether it is underestimated in common practice. Although some studies strongly suggest the safety of cesarean myomectomy, data on the long‐term outcomes of cesarean myomectomy in women are lacking. The risk–benefit ratio of cesarean myomectomy should be re‐evaluated in the new century, given the increasing patient age, incidence of myoma in pregnancy, and the wide use of assisted reproductive techniques.

Incidence of postpartum post-cesarean hysterectomy at the Institute of gynecology and obstetrics, Clinical center of Serbia, Belgrade

INTRODUCTION Postpartum hysterectomy means hysterectomy at least 6 weeks after delivery or cesarean section. It is usually performed in life-threatening situations. Incidence of postpartum hysterectomy varies from 0.02% to 0.3% of total number of deliveries. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to show and compare the incidence of postpartum hysterectomy after the cesarean section at the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia. We compared two five-year periods: the first period 1987-1982 and the second 2000-2004. METHOD The retrospective study analyzed all patients treated at the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics who had had hysterectomy until six weeks after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. We analyzed the number of deliveries and the number of postpartum hysterectomies. RESULTS There were 50,467 deliveries (3542 cesarean sections) and 91 postpartum hysterectomies (70 or 76.92% after cesarean section) in the first period. In the second period, there were 34,035 deliveries (7105 cesarean sections) and 64 hysterectomies (39 or 60.94 % after cesarean section). The overall incidence of postpartum hysterectomy was 1.98/1000 in the first and 1.88/1000 deliveries in the second period. The incidence of post-cesarean hysterectomy decreased from 19.76/1000 in the first period to 5.49/1000 in the second period. CONCLUSION It is crucial for each obstetrician to cautiously distinguish and reach an appropriate decision about the exact indications for cesarean delivery having in mind growing incidence of cesarean sections, which is the main risk factor for puerperal morbidity and mortality.

Accidental electrocution in pregnancy

1 38 + 2 32 0 None 0.5 1130 0 0 0 5 2 Yes Vaginal 2 35 + 2 27 0 ROM Ox 3.5 3603 420 960 0 10 1 Yes Cesarean 3 35 + 2 31 1 ROM Ox 5.5 480 560 960 0 1 0 Yes Vaginal 4 23 + 4 35 2 ROM PG Ox 28.1 145

Application of a Hormonal Intrauterine Device Causing Uterine Perforation: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION The last decade of the usage of intrauterine contraception has been marked by the application of levonorgestrel-releasing hormonal devices. A hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) releases a certain amount of progestogen, whose effect on endometrium is such that, apart from preventing unwanted pregnancy, also regulates the menstrual bleeding by reducing the quantity and the duration of haemorrhage. This effect of hormonal IUDs has led to their additional indications and use, so that nowadays these IUDs are used not only as contraceptives but for therapeutic purposes as well. CASE OUTLINE After examination and treatment in an out-patient department, a 38-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to suspected spontaneous uterine perforation caused by hormonal IUD (Mirena) one month after its application. Clinical and sonographic examinations were unable to determine the uterine perforation or the exact IUD location. Radiographic examination confirmed the presence of the IUD in the abdomen, so it was decided to operate on the patient. Perforation in the isthmus of the uterus and to the right was identified intraoperatively. By exploration of the genital organs and the abdominal cavity, the IUD was finally located in the omentum. CONCLUSION Even in cases of adequate indications for hormonal IUD application, the doctors experience and complying with all the principles of appropriate insertion, we should always consider the possibility of the occurrence of serious complications, which sometimes may even require surgery. The extragenital position of IUD, as in this case, may create serious difficulties in the detection of location. A possible development of asymptomatic complications additionally emphasizes the necessity of regular check-ups of all IUD users.

Screening methods of ovarian cancer in adults

Ovarian cancer is associated with high mortality rate which has improved a little despite therapeutic advances. It causes more deaths than combined cervical and uterine cancer. High mortality is believed to be a direct result of already advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Survival is excellent in case of early stage disease but poor in late stage disease, regardless of histology. The goal of screening for ovarian cancer is restricted to detection of asymptomatic early stage disease, as precursor lesions of ovarian cancer have not been identified. At present, there is no reliable method of ovarian cancer screening which has been shown to reduce mortality from ovarian cancer. Therefore, routine screening of women in general population can not be currently advised. Screening should be limited to high-risk population and subjects participating in research projects as long as the results of current studies are available.

Safety of cesarean myomectomy in women with single anterior wall and lower uterine segment myomas

Abstract Objective: Cesarean myomectomy (CM) is a safe procedure in selected cases. Nevertheless, literature lacks clear guidelines on patient selection. We aimed to evaluate CM safety in patients with single anterior wall and lower uterine segment (LUS) myomas. Methods: The authors selected pregnants at term, scheduled for CSs, with single anterior wall or LUS myomas. All their clinical, demographic, obstetric, and surgical parameters were recorded. Results: Thirty-six women had a CM (study group), and 17 had a CS without myoma removal (control group). No significant differences were detected in the socio-demographic and clinical findings between the groups. The average size of myomas in the study and control group (p = .873), was 55.44 mm and 47.25 mm, respectively. The average surgery duration was 62.5 min in the study and 53.82 in the control group (p = .058). Intraoperative hemorrhage was more frequent in the study group (p = .045). Nevertheless, neither the number nor the volume of intraoperative transfusions was significantly different. None of the major CM complications were recorded, and the duration of hospitalization was similar in both groups. Conclusions: CM in patients with single anterior wall and LUS myomas does not cause increased perioperative morbidity, and, therefore, can be considered safe in such cases.

Electric shock in pregnancy: a review.

Abstract Objective: The effect of gestational age and other factors that could influence the outcome of an electric shock in pregnancy have not been defined yet. Objective of this study is to provide reliable data on medical issues linked to electric shock in pregnancy. Methods: Authors consulted the most important scientific databases investigating reactions to electric shock in pregnancy, analyzing mechanism of electric shock, gestational age at the time of injury, the post-shock complications, interval from injury to delivery and fetal and maternal outcome. Results: The spectrum of electrical injuries in pregnancy ranges from transient unpleasant sensation with no effect on the fetus to sudden maternal and fetal death. The clinical presentation of the fetal injury may manifest immediately or even postnataly. Reported outcomes include spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, cardiac arrhythmias, fetal burn and intrauterine fetal death. If the pregnancy is continued, decreased fetal movements and asphyxia, pathological fetal heart patterns, intrauterine fetal growth retardation, damage to the fetal central nervous system and oligoamnios can occur. Conclusions: More large prospective observational studies are necessary for a proper insight into the expected outcomes of the electric shock in pregnancy as well as for a final definition of monitoring procedures of such pregnancies.