Raeburn C. Llewellyn

Correlation of rhinencephalic electrograms with behavior

Abstract Six patients with chronically implanted intracranial electrodes were studied under the influence of d-LSD-25, 1-LSD-25, mescaline, and correlations attempted between the electrograms and behavioral observations. An increase in beta activity and a disappearance of alpha characterized in both cortical and subcortical recordings seemed to be associated with anxiety or its derivatives. Paroxysmal activity induced in the hippocampal, amygdaloid, and septal regions seemed to be associated with overt expressions of disturbed psychotic behavior. Spread of such paroxysmal activity until it became generalized in the cortex seemed to interfere with the full expression of the psychotic behavior. Chlorpromazine not only proved an effective blocking agent as far as the behavior was concerned, but also abolished or minimized the appearance of the low amplitude fast activity as well as the paroxysmal subcortical activity. The possible sites of action of LSD-25, mescaline, and chlorpromazine are discussed with reference to the problems of psychomotor epilepsy, episodic psychotic reactions, and schizophrenia.

A roentgenographic stereotaxic technique for implanting and maintaining electrodes in the brain of man

Abstract A single stage roentgenographic stereotaxic technique has been presented which permits accurate placement of stimulating and recording electrodes having flexible leads into subcortical structures of the human brain (visualized by air ventriculography). A simple and rapid system for correcting the roentgenographic mapping errors which result from a noncollimated X-ray beam has been developed. Design information has been given on electrodes and lucite skull buttons which are easily fabricated. The buttons prevent displacement of electrodes from their target positions. Leadwires are flexible, inexpensive, and readily available. These electrodes are comfortably tolerated for periods of time ranging up to two years and are easily connected to equipment for electrical stimulation and recording.

The surgical management of meningoceles and meningomyeloceles.

Sixty-three patients with meningoceles and meningomyeloceles were seen over a period of five years on a university neurosurgery service. Current views on the pathogenesis and pathology of these two conditions and their clinical presentation and differentiation are discussed. The problem of selecting cases for surgical procedures is considered in detail. A rationale for repair of the sac at or before 6 weeks of age is provided by analysis of the present series. It is proposed that active hydrocephalus should be treated as soon as the diagnosis can be made. Methods for the local care of the sac and the management of associated congenital anomalies are given.