Rafaela Vieira Correa

Tall stature and poor breast development after estrogen replacement in a hypergonadotrophic hypogonadic patient with a 45,X/46,X,der(X) karyotype with SHOX gene overdosage

SHOX is exclusively expressed in the developing distal limb bones of human embryos and in the first and second pharyngeal arches. It works as a promoter for linear growth and as a repressor of growth plate fusion. It was reported, recently, that SHOX overdosage and gonadal estrogen deficiency have led to tall stature due to continued growth. We report, in the present study, a female patient with 45,X/46,X, psu idic(X)(pter-->q21::q21-->pter) karyotype, tall stature, and hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism without Turner stigmas. She did not present breast development even after long term therapy with high estrogen doses. Fluorescence in situ hybridization depicted the presence of three copies of SHOX gene. Microsatellite studies showed paternal origin of der(X). Further studies in similarly affected patients will clarify if the absence of breast development, despite previous high-dose estrogen treatment, is associated to triple copy of SHOX gene.

Aspectos moleculares da determinaçäo e diferenciaçäo sexual

Many of the events that influence the process of normal sexual development have not been completely clarified, however it is well established that gonadal sex determination is responsible for sexual differentiation during fetal life. Several interacting genes participate in this process, and the most important are: SRY and DAX-1 genes located in the sexual chromosomes and the autosomic genes WT1, SF-1, and SOX9. The precise action of these genes on gonadal determination is yet to be clarified, but their participation is fundamental since mutations identified in these genes result in the absence of gonadal development or the presence of dysgenetic gonads. The differentiation of male internal genitalia including testicular descent, require both normal secretion and local action of testosterone on Wolffian ducts and anti-mullerian hormone gene (AMH) on Mullerian ducts, preventing their differentiation into uterus, vagina and tubes. The genes Insl3 and HOX participate of the transabdominal descent of testes, and inguinal-scrotal descent is controlled by androgens. Nonetheless, the main genes involved in this early embryogenic phase are: the androgen receptor gene, AMH gene and the AMH receptor gene. Mutations in one of these genes result in genital ambiguity and/or partial development of male internal genitalia. In the female sex there has been recent evidence that genes from the Wnt family (Wnt-7a and Wnt-4) have a role in the development of Mullerian ducts and the suppression of Leydig cell differentiation in the ovaries. The ambiguous external genitalia result in testosterone production deficiency by Leydig cells, androgen receptor impairment, or a defect in peripheral testosterone metabolism by 5-alpha-reductase type 2. The genes involved in this phase of male sex differentiation are: LH /hCG receptor gene, CYP11A1 gene, P450scc gene, CYP17 gene, HSD3B2 gene and HSD17B3 gene that codify the respective enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis, along with the androgen receptor gene and SRD5A2. The new achievements of molecular biology determined a better comprehension of the process of sexual determination and differentiation. Several steps of this process will be clarified, with the identification of new genes that also participate of this complex mechanism of gene interactions.

Clinical and molecular analysis of human reproductive disorders in Brazilian patients

Several genes that influence the development and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis (HPG) have been identified. These genes encode an array of transcription factors, matrix proteins, hormones, receptors, and enzymes that are expressed at multiple levels of the HPG. We report the experience of a single Endocrinology Unit in the identification and characterization of naturally occurring mutations in families affected by HPG disorders, including forms of precocious puberty, hypogonadism and abnormal sexual development due to impaired gonadotropin function. Eight distinct genes implicated in HPG function were studied: KAL, SF1, DAX1, GnRH, GnRHR, FSHbeta, FSHR, and LHR. Most mutations identified in our cohort are described for the first time in literature. New mutations in SF1, DAX1 and GnRHR genes were identified in three Brazilian patients with hypogonadism. Eight boys with luteinizing hormone- (LH) independent precocious puberty due to testotoxicosis were studied, and all have their LH receptor (LHR) defects elucidated. Among the identified LHR molecular defects, three were new activating mutations. In addition, these mutations were frequently associated with new clinical and hormonal aspects, contributing significantly to the knowledge of the molecular basis of reproductive disorders. In conclusion, the naturally occurring genetic mutations described in the Brazilian families studied provide important insights into the regulation of the HPG.

Complete form of androgen insensitivity syndrome in Brazilian patients due to P766A mutation in the androgen receptor

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare X-linked disorder, caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene (AR), associated with a variety of phenotypes in 46,XY individuals. We studied two 23 year-old twin-sisters with female social sex referred due to primary amenorrhea, who exhibited bilateral palpable gonads in the inguinal region and a 46,XY karyotype. The uterus was absent in pelvic sonograms. Basal LH levels were elevated (35 and 42 U/L), with normal FSH (7.9 and 7.8 U/L) and high testosterone levels (1330 and 1660 ng/dl). The molecular analysis identified a missense mutation in exon 5 of AR gene that changed a proline to an alanine at position 766 of the protein. Proline 766 is a highly conserved amino acid in the AR of several species and is located in the androgen binding domain.

Genética molecular do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal

In this review, we described the genes that encode an array of transcription factors, matrix proteins, hormones, enzymes and receptors that are expressed at multiple levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). In addition, we reported our experience in the identification and characterization of naturally occurring mutations in patients affected by HPG disorders, including hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, isolated or associated with others pituitary hormonal deficiencies, and abnormalities of pubertal and sexual development. To date, fifteen distinct genes implicated with HPG axis development and function were identified: KAL, SF1, DAX1, LEPTIN, PC1, GnRH, GnRHR, HESX1, LHX3, PROP1, FSHR, LHR, LHb, FSHb and FGFR1. Most mutations identified in our cohort were described for the first time in literature and they frequently were associated with new clinical and hormonal aspects of the diseases. Characterization of the consequences of these mutations in in vitro studies have provided increased understanding of the structure and function of the proteins encoded by these genes. The combined clinical, hormonal and molecular diagnosis of HPG disorders have helped significantly to improve the knowledge and, consequently, the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.