Raffaella Boccelli

Effect of cultivation practices on cadmium concentration in rice grain

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, polluting the general environment. The application of sewage sludge, wastewaters and Cd-containing fertilizers causes an increase in Cd content in agricultural soils. Cd is easily taken up by plants and then enters the food chain, resulting in a serious health issue for humans. There is increasing concern regarding the occurrence of cadmium in rice, not only in the rice-growing areas of the Far East, but also in Europe. In this work we highlighted that, even when the agricultural soil is unpolluted and the concentration of Cd is low, e.g. 0.96 mg kg−1, the Cd content of rice may still exceed the regulatory limit of 0.2 mg kg−1. To reduce the uptake of Cd by rice, paddy-field flooding and soil amendment with lime and compost were tested in a field trial during 2003 and 2004 in Rosate, near Milan, Italy. We found that submersion was the main factor decreasing the Cd concentration in rice grain, producing maximum concentrations of 0.14 mg kg−1 in 2003 and 0.06 mg kg−1 in 2004. By comparison, Cd concentrations was at least two times higher for rice cultivated by irrigation only. Moreover, the addition of lime decreased the Cd concentration of rice by about 25% versus control under dry conditions. Lime addition thus appears to be a promising technique to reduce the bioavailability of soil Cd and minimize Cd concentrations in the produced rice. In contrast, the application of compost alone does not produced a significant effect. Differences in uptake over the years, with concentrations up to 40% lower in 2004, can be explained by differences in transpiration. These results shows that the influence of climatic conditions on Cd uptake in plants should not be underestimated. Such agronomic information represents a very helpful tool for rice growers, in particular in the case of cultivation of Cd-polluted soils and production of Cd-contaminated rice grain.

The Role of Natural Purified Humic Acids in Modifying Mercury Accessibility in Water and Soil

Contamination of soils with mercury can be a serious problem. It can be mobilized or stabilized by humic substances (HS) containing binding sites with reduced sulfur that can have different binding capacities for CH(3)Hg(+) and for Hg(2+). In this work we investigated the influence of different humic acids (HAs, extracted from lignite, compost, and forest soil) on mercury mobility and availability, both in a model solution and in soil samples from a mercury-polluted region. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT), which is capable of measuring: (i) free metal in solution; (ii) dissociated metal complexes previously mobilized by HA; (iii) mobilized metal-HA complexes that liberate metals by dissociation or by exchange reaction between the metal-HA complexes and the chelating groups on the resin-gel, was used in solutions and soils. The DGT measurements in solution, together with ultrafiltration, allowed estimation of the lability of Hg-HA complexes. Ultrafiltration results were also compared with predictions made by the windermere humic-aqueous model (WHAM). According to both these different approaches, Hg(2+) resulted nearly 100% complexed by HAs, whereas results from ultrafiltration showed that 32 to 72% of the CH(3)Hg(+) was bound to the HAs, with higher values for compost and lower values for forest and Aldrich HA. The DGT-measured mercury in soils was below 0.20 microg L(-1), irrespective of the extent of the contamination. Addition of HA increased the concentration of DGT-measured mercury in soil solution up to 100-fold in the contaminated soil and up to 30-fold in the control soil. The level of the increase also depended on the HA. The smallest increase (about 10 times) was found for lignite HA in both control and contaminated soils. The addition of forest HA gave the largest increases in DGT-measured mercury, in particular for the contaminated soil. Overall, the results demonstrated that DGT can be used for estimating the lability of mercury complexes in solution and for verifying enhanced mercury mobility when HA is added to contaminated soils.

Residues of esfenvalerate in irrigation water, stubble, husked and unhusked rice samples of a paddy-field

Esfenvalerate insecticide was tested to study its behaviour in a rice paddy‐field. Samples of irrigation water, husked and unhusked rice, stubble and suspended matter collected on different days after application, were analysed by GLC. Esfenvalerate residues were detectable only in the suspended matter samples collected one hour after application. Esfenvalerate residues were not detectable in both the husked and unhusked rice and in the stubble.