Rahman Hariri

Evaluation of a New Monochloramine Generation System for Controlling Legionella in Building Hot Water Systems

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a new monochloramine generation system for control of Legionella in a hospital hot water distribution system. SETTING A 495-bed tertiary care hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The hospital has 12 floors covering approximately 78,000 m(2). METHODS The hospital hot water system was monitored for a total of 29 months, including a 5-month baseline sampling period prior to installation of the monochloramine system and 24 months of surveillance after system installation (postdisinfection period). Water samples were collected for microbiological analysis (Legionella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter species, nitrifying bacteria, heterotrophic plate count [HPC] bacteria, and nontuberculous mycobacteria). Chemical parameters monitored during the investigation included monochloramine, chlorine (free and total), nitrate, nitrite, total ammonia, copper, silver, lead, and pH. RESULTS A significant reduction in Legionella distal site positivity was observed between the pre- and postdisinfection periods, with positivity decreasing from an average of 53% (baseline) to an average of 9% after monochloramine application (P<0.5]). Although geometric mean HPC concentrations decreased by approximately 2 log colony-forming units per milliliter during monochloramine treatment, we did not observe significant changes in other microbial populations. CONCLUSIONS This is the first evaluation in the United States of a commercially available monochloramine system installed on a hospital hot water system for Legionella disinfection, and it demonstrated a significant reduction in Legionella colonization. Significant increases in microbial populations or other negative effects previously associated with monochloramine use in large municipal cold water systems were not observed.

Natural history of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carriage in intensive care units.

Acinetobacter baumannii typically causes infection among immunocompromised patients in intensive care units (ICUs) [1]. In an effort to improve detection of this organism and reduce transmission, we recently validated a sensitive screening method to identify patients carrying multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii using a combination of sponge and selective culture media [2]. In that study, screening isolates from all the patients were MDR, as defined by non-susceptibility to three or more classes of antimicrobials commonly used against this organism [3]. We subsequently implemented this method in the ICUs at one of our hospitals, with the following practical modifications to the original protocol: (1) only one sponge is used for sequentially swiping down the arm and leg, (2) broth enrichment is conducted for 4 hours before inoculation of the selective agar plate containing ceftazidime, and (3) the species is confirmed with Vitek2. Here we report data on the natural history of MDR A. baumannii carriage in this patient population that were obtained through this initiative. The active screening program was implemented in three ICUs (medical, burn and cardiovascular ICUs; total of 54 beds) at UPMC Mercy Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania between June 2010 and May 2011. The initiative was approved by the UPMC Quality Improvement Review Committee. All admissions to the ICUs underwent active screening for MDR A. baumannii upon admission and every seven days thereafter as prompted by the electronic ordering system. Patients who were newly identified as positive were placed in contact isolation, but attempts at decolonization were not made. All the screening culture results as well as clinical cultures that grew MDR A. baumannii were collected from the microbiology database and matched with the corresponding admission data. For the purpose of this analysis, MDR A. baumannii was defined as non-susceptibility to ceftazidime. When the culture results turned from positive to negative or vice versa for the same admission, the midpoint of the two dates was calculated and used to calculate the carriage-positive days. For cultures turning from positive to negative and then positive again, two consecutive negative cultures were required to define clearance and subsequent re-colonization, given the approximately 80% sensitivity of the screening method [2]. The minimum duration of carriage was calculated as time from the first positive culture (or the midpoint between the first positive culture and the last negative culture prior to it if present) to the last positive culture (or the midpoint between the last positive culture and the last negative culture after it if present). The estimated duration of carriage was calculated likewise, except the patients were considered carriers until discharge from the ICUs if the last positive culture was not followed by a negative culture. Fishers exact test was used to determine statistical significance. A total of 118 ICU admissions with at least one screening or clinical culture positive for MDR A. baumannii were identified during this period, consisting of 86 unique patients. Of the 118 admissions, 56 were identified by screening cultures only, 6 by clinical cultures only, and 56 by both screening and clinical cultures. Of the latter, 26 were identified by screening cultures first, and 17 on the same day. Overall, 82 of the 118 admissions (69.4%) were initially identified as carriage-positive by screening cultures. The mean and median lengths of stay in the ICUs were 15.4 and 10 days, respectively (range, 0 to 141 days). The mean and median lengths of stay until the first positive culture were 2.5 and 0 days (range, 0 to 40.5 days). Of the 118 admissions, 71.2% had the first culture positive for MDR A. baumannii within one day of admission. The rate was 80.1% for those with another ICU admission in the prior month, and 67.1% for those without (p = 0.19). The mean and median minimum duration of carriage was 8.5 and 3.5 days (range, 0 to 63 days). The mean and median estimated duration of carriage was 10.8 and 6.3 days (range, 0 to 63 days). The total minimum and estimated duration of carriage corresponded to 55.2 and 70.5% of the total ICU days, respectively (Figure). For over half of the admissions, the estimated duration of carriage exceeded 90% of the respective ICU days. Only 19.5% of the admissions had a negative screening culture documented before ICU discharge. Figure Lengths of ICU stay for admissions with positive MDR A. baumannii cultures and their estimated carriage-positive days. The curve represents second order polynomial regression. While long-term carriage of MDR A. baumannii has been reported [4], this is the first study to quantify the duration of carriage of this organism in ICUs. Our data suggest that, at least in non-outbreak settings, importation by patients who were colonized elsewhere constitutes the main source of this organism in ICUs and thus screening cultures on admission are likely to be more cost-effective than subsequent screening cultures. Also, the carriage-positive days accounted for the majority of the total ICU days, with only 19.5% of the carriers apparently clearing carriage before ICU discharge. Our study has several limitations. We could not define the carriage status upon discharge for all patients since discharge cultures were not routinely conducted. Also, the program was limited to ICUs and as such we do not have information on long-term carriage status of patients on other hospital units before and after ICU admission. In summary, the majority of MDR A. baumannii carriers can be identified by active screening upon admission to ICUs, and they should be considered as carriers throughout their ICU admission at least in the absence of further interventions such as decolonization.

Comparison of the diagnostic utility of digital pathology systems for telemicrobiology.

Introduction: Telemicrobiology is a growing component of clinical microbiology informatics. However, few studies have been performed to assess the diagnostic utility of telemicroscopy systems in evaluating infectious agents. Objective: Evaluate multiple contemporary digital pathology platforms for use in diagnostic telemicrobiology. Materials and Methods: A mix of thirty cases that included viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitological findings were evaluated by four experts using ×40 whole slide imaging (WSI) scans, ×83 oil-immersion WSI scans, ×100 oil-immersion WSI scans, digital photomicrographs, and glass slides. Results: The ×83 WSI, ×100 WSI, and photomicrograph interpretations were not significantly different in quality and accuracy when compared to glass slide interpretations. The ×40 WSI interpretations were of lower quality and were more likely to be incorrect when compared to glass slide interpretations. Conclusions: In this study, high magnification, oil-immersion digital pathology platforms are better suited to support telemicrobiology applications and yield interpretations on par with glass slide evaluations.

How Collaboration with the Microbiology Laboratory Can Help to Improve Hand Hygiene Education

Susan M. Fejka MLS(ASCP)CM, Lead Microbiology Laboratory Technologist, UPMC Mercy; Rahman S. Hariri PhD, MBA, Director of Microbiology/Immunology, UPMC Mercy; C. Marie Dalton RN, Infection control Practitioner, UPMC Mercy; Patricia Boyle MT(ASCP), Medical Technologist, UPMC MERCY; Julliet Ferrelli MS, MT(ASCP), CIC, Infection Control Coordinator, UPMC Mercy; Mohamed H. Yassin MD, PhD, Medical Director of Infection Control, UPMC Mercy