Raimondo Germani

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in twin — tailed hydroxide ion surfactants

Abstract The effects of didodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide and chloride upon reactions of OH with 2,4-dinitrochloro-benzene and napthalene are treated quantitatively in terms of the pseudophase model of micellar kinetics.

MEASUREMENTS OF RELEVANT PARAMETERS IN THE FORMATION OF CLATHRATE HYDRATES BY A NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

Studying clathrate hydrates is, ideally, a simple task: one just have to keep water under a gas pressure. However, when trying to collect measurements in an accurate and repeatable way, things mess up. When, in particular, kinetic characterizations are required, not only pressure and temperature have to be measured: also particular parameters such as gas evolved/trapped during time, heat released/adsorbed during time, critical phenomena related to additive addition, etc, should be collected in a finer way. In the last years a growing interest has been devoted to investigations on the effects of a wide range of compounds capable to affect the thermodynamics and, in particular, kinetics of clathrate hydrate formation. The study of the effects of these compounds, called conditioners, requires an improvement of the performances of usual lab facilities by introducing a new strategy for the measurement of further characterizing parameters. Presently no standardization of the apparatus designed for clathrate hydrate studies exists, nor any commercial instrumentations are available. Generally, apparatus used are custommade by the same research team according with the peculiar research requirements To do this we have designed, built, calibrated and tested a novel apparatus that, in addition to the ability of measuring usually unexplored parameters, is based on the idea of obtaining as many parameters as possible in a single formation batch. This in order to solve the problem of collecting a dataset that can be processed homogeneously, thus minimizing errors due stochastic behaviours. Using such an apparatus, several kinds of measurement are presented here, which are related directly to the clathrate hydrate investigation fields, but also more generally related to the study of equilibrium phases involving gaseous components.