Raimundo Nonato Braga Lôbo

Consumo e digestibilidade de subprodutos do processamento de frutas em ovinos

ABSTRACT - This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the nutritive value of byproducts of fruit processor. Byproducts ofpineapple, west indian cherry (WIC), guava, passion fruit and melon were evaluated. Twenty sheep castrated males, with average weightof 34.5 kg, were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments (byproducts) and four replications. Dry matter intakes(DMI) of byproducts of guava, passion fruit and melon by the animals were similar but higher than WIC byproduct. The highest cr udeprotein intake (CPI) (g/animal/day, g/BW 0.75 ) was observed in passion fruit and melon byproducts, while WIC byproduct the lowestCPI. Guava byproduct showed the higher intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and passion frui tbyproduct showed the highest apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM) coefficient. Guava and WIC byproducts showed ADMSlower than the others. The coefficients of apparent digestibility of crude protein (ADCP) of passion fruit and melon byproducts werehigher than the others byproducts. As for, the coefficients of apparent digestibility of NDF (ADNDF) and ADF (ADADF), WIC andguava byproducts were lower while passion fruit byproduct showed ADNDF and ADADF higher than the others. No difference amongevaluates byproducts for nitrogen balance was observed. Results showed that; pineapple, passion fruit and melon byproducts coul dbe used in ruminant diets. However, WIC and guava byproducts showed low nutrient digestibility coefficients, restricting their usein ruminant diets.Key Words: byproducts, digestibility, intake, sheep

Desempenho reprodutivo de vacas Nelore no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for reproductive traits of Nelore cows raised in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. The traits studied were age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), post-partum interval (PPI), number of services per conception (NSC) and gestation length (GL). The statistical analyses were done using the SAS program (Statistical Analysis System) and variance components were estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood method using the MTDFREML software. Means and heritability estimates for AFC, CI, PPI, NSC and GL were 45.14±10.83 months; 465.55±128.49 days; 165.76±110.29 days; 1.34±0.67 services and 295.03±5.85 days and 0.21±0.05; 0.05±0.02; 0.32±0.11; 0.05±0.04 e 0.12±0.04, respectively. The repeatability for CI, PPI, NSC and GL were, respectively, 0.05; 0.63; 0.09 and 0.22. The results suggest that despite the small genetic variability for the reproductive traits, AFC and GL must be included in selection programs. The high heritability estimate for PPI is probably associated to the structure of the data, in its majority coming from the same herd. The repeatability estimate for CI suggests that female culling based on first calving interval is not accurate and there is a risk of culling animals with probable good reproductive efficiency.

Valor nutritivo das silagens de capim-elefante com diferentes níveis de subprodutos da indústria do suco de caju

This trial was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nutritive value of the silage of elephantgrass by the addition of 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48% of cashew bagasse (by-product of the cashew juice agro-industry). A completely randomized design with four replicates was used. After 82 days, the silos were opened and samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM), pH and levels of N-NH3 of the silage. The addition of the cashew bagasse (BC) decreased the pH and N-NH3 values and increased the PB grade of the silage. The level of ADF and HEM did not change in function of different additions. It was concluded that the cashew bagasse improves the nutritive value of the silage and provides better conservation of silage.

Análise do desempenho produtivo de diversos grupos genéticos Holandês x Gir no Brasil.

Total milk yield per lactation (PL), milk yield in 305 days (PL305) and lactation length (DL) were estimated based on records of the Brazilian Association of Girolando Breeders (3,574 lactations). Milk production was recorded monthly and 10.8% of the herds were raised under an extensive feeding system, 67.9% under a semi-intensive feeding system and 21.3% under an intensive feeding system. Data were analyzed through the least square method by GLM procedure (SAS, 1996). Preliminary analysis indicated a high interaction between genetic group and feeding system. Thus, the performance of genetic groups was evaluated within each feeding system. Genetic effects of additive difference between (g) Holstein and Gir breeds, dominance (d) and additive x additive epistatic interactions (gg) were also studied. It was observed that, in some cases, the effects of epistatic interactions should be taken into account. Moreover, increasing the proportion of Holstein-Friesian genes did not have any significant effect on milk yield when herds were raised under poor management conditions. However, as such conditions improved, crosses with higher proportion of Holstein tended to show better performance.

Efeitos genéticos aditivos e não-aditivos para características produtivas e reprodutivas em vacas mestiças Holandês × Gir

A partir de registros de genealogia e controle leiteiro e reprodutivo fornecidos pela Associacao Brasileira dos Criadores de Girolando, foram estimados os efeitos de diferenca genetica aditiva entres as racas Holandesa e Gir, de dominância e de recombinacao, alem das herdabilidades e repetibilidades, para as caracteristicas producao de leite por lactacao (PL), producao de leite ate os 305 dias de lactacao (PL305), duracao da lactacao (DL), intervalo de partos (IDP), idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e producao de leite por dia de intervalo de partos (PL/IDP). Foram utilizados 4.805 registros de PL, PL305 e DL e 2.222, 1.408 e 2.363 registros de IDP, IPP e PL/IDP, respectivamente. Analises unicaracteristicas foram realizadas considerando os efeitos de diferenca genetica aditiva entre as racas, de dominância e de recombinacao como covariaveis. As estimativas para a diferenca genetica aditiva entre as duas racas foram significativas para todas as caracteristicas, exceto para o IDP, e foram estimadas em 3.115 ± 273 kg, 2.574 ± 226 kg, 98 ± 13 dias, -236 ± 67 dias e 7,5 ± 0,9 kg/dia para PL, PL305, DL, IPP e PL/IDP, respectivamente. Os efeitos de dominância (heterose) tambem foram significativos para todas as caracteristicas, exceto para a DL. Foi verificada significativa perda por recombinacao para PL e PL305. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram de 0,25 ± 0,05, 0,21 ± 0,04, 0,12 ± 0,04, 0,05 ± 0,05, 0,33 ± 0,09 e 0,21 ± 0,07 para PL, PL305, DL, IDP, IPP e PL/IDP, respectivamente, enquanto as estimativas de repetibilidade foram de 0,49 ± 0,05; 0,47 ± 0,04; 0,18 ± 0,04; 0,09 ± 0,06; e 0,37 ± 0,07 para PL, PL305, DL, IDP e PL/IDP, respectivamente.

Tendências genéticas para características relacionadas à velocidade de crescimento em bovinos Nelore na região nordeste do Brasil

The objectives of this work were to estimate the genetic parameters and the genetic trends of the direct and maternal effects for the trait days to gain 160 kg (D160) in the pre-weaning period, and of the direct effect for the trait days to gain 240 kg (D240) in the post-weaning period, of animals of Nellore breed, born from 1965 to 2001 in the Northeast region of Brazil. The analyses were carried out using the MTDFREML software. For D160 the model included the direct and maternal genetic random effects and maternal permanent environmental effect, besides the fixed effects of contemporary group and the covariate age of dam at calving, assuming the covariance between maternal and direct effect equal to zero (sam=0). For D240, the same fixed effects were considered, however, just the direct genetic effect as random. The genetic trends were estimated by linear regression of the breeding values on year of birth of the animals. The direct and maternal heritabilities for D160, respectively, were 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.07 ± 0.02. The direct heritability for D240 was 0.16 ± 0.02. The genetic trends of the direct effects were significant, with estimated values of -0.14 and -0.41 days/year for D160 and D240, respectively. The genetic trend of the maternal effect for D160 was significant and equal to -0.0037 days/year. The genetic trends were favorable, however, inferiors the potential gain.

Utilização do farelo de castanha de caju na terminação de ovinos em confinamento

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of cashew nuts meal (CNM) in diets for sheep, raised in feedlot. Thirty two crossbred animals received concentrates with the same amount of crude protein, but four different levels of CNM (0, 12, 24 and 36%). A factorial 4 x 2 was used, with four levels of CNM and 2 sexes, with four repetitions. Daily weight gain and feed conversion as well as intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and ashes were determined by analysis of variance, Duncan statistical test and regression analysis. Intake was estimated as g/animal/day, percentage of body weight (%BW) and g/BW 0.75 . There were differences in intake of DM, CP and EE when animals were fed concentrates with 0 and 36% of CNM. Also, intake of DM, CP and NDF tended to decrease as the levels of CNM increased in the diet. EE intake increased according to the different CNM levels. The type of diet did not significantly affect either weight gain or feed conversion. Therefore, cashew nut meal can be included up to 24% in the concentrate, but the total diets should not have more than 6% of fat.

Efeito da temperatura e estocagem em ovos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and period of storage on the quality of eggs of commercial laying hens submitted to diets with corn, soy, and vegetal oils with energy level of 2850 kcal ME/kg and 18% of protein. The experimental procedure involved 224 commercial laying hens of the HY-LINE W-36 line, which were 23 weeks of age, divided into 5 cycles of 28 days. The isolated effect and the interaction of storage temperature (ambient and refrigeration) and storage period (7, 14 e 21 day) were evaluated. The variables studied were loss of weight, percentage of the yolk, percentage of the white, specific gravity, Haugh units, and coloration of raw egg yolk. The increase in the period of the storage of eggs, independent of the maintenance temperature, caused egg weight loss and reduced the specific gravity, Haugh unit values, and coloration of the raw egg yolk. The eggs kept under refrigeration presented (p 0.05) according to the storage temperature and period of storage, mainly for the following parameters: weight loss, percentages of the yolk and, specific gravity, and Haugh units.Recebido para publicacao em 7/11/2007 Aceito para publicacao em 6/1/2009 (002928) 1 Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia – UFRA, CEP 68515-000, Parauapebas PA, Brasil, E-mail: maria.vieira@ufra.edu.br; svsmaria@yahoo.com.br 2 Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceara – UFC, CP 12168, CEP 60356-000, Fortaleza CE, Brasil 3 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria – EMBRAPA, Caprinos, Sobral CE, Brasil 4 Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceara – UFC, CP 12168, CEP 60356-000, Fortaleza CE, Brasil 5 Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Ceara – UFC, CEP 60356-000, Fortaleza CE, Brasil *A quem a correspondencia deve ser enviada Efeito da temperatura e estocagem em ovos

Genetic parameters for growth, reproductive and maternal traits in a multibreed meat sheep population

The genetic parameters for growth, reproductive and maternal traits in a multibreed meat sheep population were estimated by applying the Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood method to an animal model. Data from a flock supported by the Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Caprinos e Ovinos de Corte (GENECOC) were used. The traits studied included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), slaughter weight (SW), yearling weight (YW), weight gain from birth to weaning (GBW), weight gain from weaning to slaughter (GWS), weight gain from weaning to yearling (GWY), age at first lambing (AFL), lambing interval (LI), gestation length (GL), lambing date (LD - number of days between the start of breeding season and lambing), litter weight at birth (LWB) and litter weight at weaning (LWW). The direct heritabilities were 0.35, 0.81, 0.65, 0.49, 0.20, 0.15 and 0.39 for BW, WW, SW, YW, GBW, GWS and GWY, respectively, and 0.04, 0.06, 0.10, 0.05, 0.15 and 0.11 for AFL, LI, GL, LD, LWB and LWW, respectively. Positive genetic correlations were observed among body weights. In contrast, there was a negative genetic correlation between GBW and GWS (-0.49) and GBW and GWY (-0.56). Positive genetic correlations were observed between AFL and LI, LI and GL, and LWB and LWW. These results indicate a strong maternal influence in this herd and the presence of sufficient genetic variation to allow mass selection for growth traits. Additive effects were of little importance for reproductive traits, and other strategies are necessary to improve the performance of these animals.

Parâmetros genéticos de características estimadas da curva de crescimento de ovinos da raça Santa Inês

Este trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de estudar o ajuste das funcoes de Richards, Brody, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy e Logistica sobre a curva de crescimento de ovinos Santa Ines e estimar parâmetros geneticos para caracteristicas calculadas a partir da funcao de melhor ajuste. Foram utilizadas apenas informacoes de femeas controladas entre os anos de 1993 e 2004, na Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, e entre 1981 e 2004, na Embrapa Caprinos. Para o ajuste das curvas, as analises foram realizadas separadamente para cada rebanho, utilizando-se o procedimento NLIN do software Statistical Analysis System (SAS), por meio do metodo de GAUSS. Para determinar a funcao que melhor ajustava os dados, foram utilizados os criterios de coeficiente de determinacao (R2), de quadrado medio residual (QMR) e o erro de predicao medio (EM). No rebanho da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, todas as funcoes subestimaram os pesos, a excecao da curva de Richards. Diferentemente, todas as funcoes superestimaram o peso predito para o rebanho da Embrapa Caprinos. A curva de Richards foi a que promoveu melhor ajuste nos dois rebanhos. Os valores do peso adulto e da taxa de maturacao estimados pela funcao de Richards foram de 54,38 kg e 0,00144/dia, respectivamente, para o rebanho da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, e 42,74 kg e 0,00260/dia, respectivamente, para o da Embrapa Caprinos. A funcao de Richards foi utilizada para estimar curvas individuais de crescimento dos animais. A partir destas curvas, foram estimadas varias caracteristicas de interesse economico. Os parâmetros geneticos e os componentes de (co) variância para estas caracteristicas foram estimados pelo metodo da Maxima Verossimilhanca Restrita Livre de Derivadas (DFREML), utilizando-se o software MTDFREML. As estimativas de herdabilidades direta e materna variaram, respectivamente, de 0,01 a 0,99 e de 0,00 a 0,13. E possivel alterar o padrao da curva de crescimento destes animais por meio de selecao.