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Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2001

Adjuvant versus neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. A progress report of a phase-III randomized trial (protocol CAO/ARO/AIO-94).

Rolf Sauer; Rainer Fietkau; Christian Wittekind; Peter Martus; Claus Rödel; Werner Hohenberger; Gerhard Jatzko; Hubert Sabitzer; Karstens Jh; Heinz Becker; Clemens F. Hess; Rudolf Raab

Aim: The standard treatment for patients with clinically resectable rectal cancer is surgery. Postoperative radiochemotherapy is recommended for patients with advanced disease (pT3/4 or pN+). In recent years, encouraging results of preoperative radiotherapy have been reported. This prospective randomized phase-III trial (CAO/ARO/AIO-94) compares the efficacy of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy to standard postoperative radiochemotherapy. We report on the design of the study and first results with regard to toxicity of radiochemotherapy and postoperative morbidity.nn Patients and Methods: Patients with locally advanced operable rectal cancer (uT3/4 or uN+, Mason CS III/IV) were randomly assigned to pre- or postoperative radiochemotherapy: A total dose of 50.4 Gy (single dose 1.8 Gy) was applied to the tumor and the pelvic lymph nodes. 5-FU (1,000 mg/m2/d) was administered concomitantly in the first and fifth week of radiation as 120-h continuous infusion. Four additional cycles of 5-FU chemotherapy (500 mg/m2/d, iv bolus) were applied. Radiochemotherapy was identical in both arms except for a small-volume boost of 5.4 Gy in the postoperative setting. Time interval between radiochemotherapy and surgery was 4–6 weeks in both arms. Techniques of surgery were standardized and included total mesorectal excision. In addition, stratification according to surgeons involved has been provided for. Primary endpoints of the study are 5-year overall-survival, local and distant control, secondary endpoints include rate of curative (R0) resections and sphincter saving procedures, toxicity of radiochemotherapy, surgical complications and quality of life.nn Results: As of 15th November 2000, 628 patients were randomized from 26 participating institutions: 310 patients were randomized to postoperative radiochemotherapy, 318 patients to preoperative radiochemotherapy. Acute toxicity (WHO) of radiochemotherapy was low, with less than 15% of patients experiencing Grade 3 or higher toxicity: The principal toxicity was diarrhea, with 12% in the postoperative radiochemotherapy arm and 10% in the preoperative radiochemotherapy arm having Grade-3, and 1% in either arm having Grade 4 diarrhea. Erythema, nausea and leukopenia were the next common toxicities, with less than 3% of patients in either arm suffering Grade 3 or greater leukopenia or nausea. Postoperative complication rates were similar in both arms, with 12% (postoperative radiochemotherapy) and 13% (preoperative radiochemotherapy) of patients, respectively, suffering from anastomotic teakage, 4% (postoperative radiochemotherapy) and 3% (preoperative radiochemotherapy) from postoperative bleeding, and 6% (postoperative radiochemotherapy) and 5% (preoperative radiochemotherapy) from delayed wound healing.nn Conclusion: The patient accrual of our trial is satisfactory, neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy is well tolerated and bears no higher risk for postoperative morbidity.Ziel: Die Standardbehandlung des operablen Rektumkarzinoms ist die sofortige Operation. Eine postoperative Radiochemotherapie wird für Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Tumoren (pT3/4 oder pN+) empfohlen. In den letzten Jahren wurden vielversprechende Ergebnisse durch eine präoperative Bestrahlung erzielt. Wir beschreiben das Design einer prospektiv randomisierten Phase-III-Studie (CAO/ARO/AIO-94), die die Wirksamkeit einer neoadjuvanten Radiochemotherapie mit der postoperativen Standardbehandlung vergleicht, und berichten über erste Ergebnisse zur Toxizität der Radiochemotherapie und zur postoperativen Komplikationsrate.nn Patienten und Methoden: Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenem operablen Rektumkarzinom (uT3/4 oder uN+, Mason CS III/IV) wurden auf den prä- oder postoperativen Radiochemotherapiearm randomisiert: Tumor(-bett) und pelvines Lymphabflussgebiet erhielten 50,4 Gy (Einzeldosis: 1,8 Gy). In der ersten und fünften Bestrahlungswoche erfolgte eine simultane 5-FU-Chemotherapie in einer Dosierung von 1000 mg/m2/Tag, appliziert als 120-stündige Dauerinfusion. Vier weitere Zyklen 5-FU (500 mg/m2/Tag, appliziert als Bolusgabe) schlossen sich an. Das Radiochemotherapieregime war in beiden Armen (bis auf einen Boost von 5,4 Gy im postoperativen Radiochemotherapiearm) identisch. Das Intervall zwischen Radiochemotherapie und Operation betrug in beiden Armen 4–6 Wochen. Die Operationstechnik war standardisiert und beinhaltete die totale Entfernung des Mesorektums. Außerdem erfolgte eine Stratifizierung nach beteiligten Chirurgen. Primäre Endpunkte der Studie sind das 5-Jahres-Überleben, die lokale und systemische Tumorkontrolle; sekundäre Endpunkte umfassen die Rate an R0-Operationen und kontinenzerhaltenden Verfahren, die Toxizität der Radiochemotherapie, die postoperative Komplikationsrate und die Lebensqualität.nn Ergebnisse: Bis 15. November 2000 wurden 628 Patienten in 26 beteiligten Zentren randomisiert: 310 Patienten in den postoperativen Radiochemotherapiearm, 318 Patienten in den präoperativen Radiochemotherapiearm. Die Akuttoxizität war insgesamt gering; bei weniger als 15% der Patienten trat eine Grad-3 oder -4-Toxizität nach WHO auf. Die häufigste Nebenwirkung war die Diarrhö, die mit Grad 3 bzw. 4 bei 12% bzw. 1% im postoperativen Arm und mit 10% bzw. 1% im präoperativen Arm auftrat. Hauterythem, Übelkeit und Leukopenie waren weitere häufige Nebenwirkungen, Grad-3-Leukopenie und Übelkeit wurden bei weniger als 3% beobachtet. Die postoperative Komplikationsrate war in beiden Armen ähnlich; nach sofortiger Operation (postoperative Radiochemotherapie) entwickelten 12% der Patienten, nach präoperativer Radiochemotherapie 13% eine Anastomoseninsuffizienz, bei 4% (postoperative Radiochemotherapie) und 5% (präoperative Radiochemotherapie) Wundheilungsstörungen auf.nn Schlussfolgerung: Die Patientenrekrutierung verläuft sehr zufriedenstellend. Die neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie wird gut toleriert und erhöht die postoperative Komplikationsrate nicht.


Diseases of The Colon & Rectum | 2006

Postoperative Chemotherapy May Not Be Necessary for Patients With ypN0-Category After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy of Rectal Cancer

Rainer Fietkau; Malte Barten; Gunther Klautke; Ernst Klar; Kaja Ludwig; Hartmut Thomas; Wolfgang Brinckmann; Andreas Friedrich; Friedrich Prall; Gernot Hartung; Ute Küchenmeister; Günther Kundt

PurposeAfter neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and surgery, there is no general agreement about whether postoperative chemotherapy is necessary. With the help of clinical and pathohistologic data, prognostic factors were determined as a basis for the decision to spare a patient additional chemotherapy or to urgently recommend it.ResultsNinety-five patients treated with neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based radiochemotherapy (November 4, 1997 and June 15, 2004) without distant metastases and an R0 (microscopically complete) resection were evaluated. Adjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid) was given to 65 of 95 patients (68.4 percent). The disease-free survival rate after 36 months was chosen as the target parameter (median follow-up, 36 months).MethodsThe five-year survival rate for all patients was 80.3 ± 5.6 percent; the five-year disease-free survival was 78.1 ± 5.1 percent; the five-year local control rate was 94.2 ± 5.1 percent. In the univariate and multivariate analysis of the disease-free survival, the pathohistologic lymph node status after radiochemotherapy (ypN) was the only significant prognostic parameter. Disease-free survival (36 months) for patients without lymph node metastases (ypN0) was excellent, independent of whether they had received postoperative chemotherapy (n = 43; 87.5 ± 6.0 percent) or not (n = 29; 87.7 ± 6.7 percent). Patients with ypN2 status have, despite chemotherapy, a poor disease-free survival at 30 ± 17.6 percent after 36 months.ConclusionsThese retrospective data suggest that, for some patients, postoperative chemotherapy can be spared. For patients with ypN2 status, an intensification of the postoperative chemotherapy should be considered. Further evaluation in prospective studies is urgently recommended.


International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics | 1998

Apoptosis, proliferation, bax, BCl-2 and p53 status prior to and after preoperative radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer

Andrea Tannapfel; Siegfried Nüßlein; Rainer Fietkau; Alexander Katalinic; F. Köckerling; Christian Wittekind

PURPOSEnTo investigate the relationship between apoptotic cell death, proliferative activity, and the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins in rectal cancer prior to and after radiochemotherapy.nnnMATERIALS AND METHODSnIn 32 patients dispositioned to receive preoperative radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma, pretherapy biopsies and the final resected specimen after radiochemotherapy were available for analyses. Apoptotic cells were identified and quantified using in situ end labeling (ISEL) technique. The expression of the bax protein was assessed immunohistochemically. Additionally, double immunostaining was performed for apoptotic cells and bax expression. The proliferative activity was determined by immunohistochemical assessment of the Ki67 (MIB-1) and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). p53- and bcl-2 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically. A clinical-to-pathologic downstaging after radiochemotherapy was achieved in 25 of 32 patients (78%). During follow-up, tumor recurrence was observed in six cases. In one case, no residual tumor was detected after radiochemotherapy.nnnRESULTSnAfter radiochemotherapy, the apoptotic index increased significantly in almost every case examined. In contrast, the proliferative activity was significantly decreased in resected specimens as compared to biopsies. Bax immunostaining was detected in 12/31 (39%) biopsies and in 26/31 (84%) resected specimens. In the resected specimen, significantly more apoptotic cells that were bax-positive were found than in biopsies. Bcl-2 immunostaining occurred in 15/31 biopsies and 12/31 resected specimens, respectively. Tumors that were immunohistochemically negative for p53 (20/31 [65%]) generally exhibited a higher apoptotic index and a high expression level of bax than p53-positive tumors (11/31 [35%]). However, we did not find any correlation between the (pre- and post-therapeutic) rate of apoptosis or the level of bax expression and the degree of clinical-to-pathologic downstaging or the frequency of tumor recurrence.nnnCONCLUSIONnOur results indicate that radiochemotherapy is associated with an increase in bax expression and also in apoptotic cell death. The observation of higher rates of apoptosis and bax in p53-negative tumors suggests that p53 might be a possible regulating factor of apoptosis in rectal cancer.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2010

Radiotherapy in early-stage Dupuytren's contracture. Long-term results after 13 years.

Nicolas Betz; Oliver J. Ott; Boris Adamietz; Rolf Sauer; Rainer Fietkau; Ludwig Keilholz

Background and Purpose:In early-stage Dupuytren’s contracture, radiotherapy is applied to prevent disease progression. Long-term outcome and late toxicity of the treatment were evaluated in a retrospective analysis.Patients and Methods:Between 12/1982 and 02/2006, 135 patients (208 hands) were irradiated with orthovoltage (120 kV; 20 mA; 4-mm Al filter), in two courses with five daily fractions of 3.0 Gy to a total dose of 30 Gy; separated by a 6- to 8-week interval. The extent of disease was described according to a modified classification of Tubiana et al. Long-term outcome was analyzed at last follow-up between 02/2008 and 05/2008 with a median follow-up of 13 years (range, 2–25 years). Late treatment toxicity and objective reduction of symptoms as change in stage and numbers of nodules and cords were evaluated and used as evidence to assess treatment response.Results:According to the individual stages, 123 cases (59%) remained stable, 20 (10%) improved, and 65 (31%) progressed. In stage N 87% and in stage N/I 70% remained stable or even regressed. In more advanced stages, the rate of disease progression increased to 62% (stage I) or 86% (stage II). 66% of the patients showed a long-term relief of symptoms (i.e., burning sensations, itching and scratching, pressure and tension). Radiotherapy did not increase the complication rate after surgery in case of disease progression and only minor late toxicity (skin atrophy, dry desquamation) could be observed in 32% of the patients. There was no evidence for a second malignancy induced by radiotherapy.Conclusion:After a mean follow-up of 13 years radiotherapy is effective in prevention of disease progression and improves patients’ symptoms in early-stage Dupuytren’s contracture (stage N, N/I). In case of disease progression after radiotherapy, a “salvage” operation is still feasible.Hintergrund und Ziel:Im Frühstadium des Morbus Dupuytren wird die perkutane Radiotherapie eingesetzt mit dem Ziel, die weitere Progression der Erkrankung zu verhindern. In einer aktuellen retrospektiven Analyse wurden der Langzeiterfolg sowie die Nebenwirkungen untersucht.Patienten und Methodik:Im Zeitraum von 12/1982 bis 02/2006 wurden 135 Patienten mit 208 erkrankten Händen am Orthovoltgerät (120 kV; 20 mA; 4-mm-Al-Filter) in zwei Serien (6–8 Wochen Pause) mit je 5 × 3,0 Gy bis zu einer Gesamtdosis von 30 Gy bestrahlt. Die Klassifikation der Erkrankung erfolgte modifiziert nach Tubiana et al. Die Langzeitergebnisse wurden bei einer Nachsorgeuntersuchung zwischen 02/2008 und 05/2008 (mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit 13 Jahre; Spanne 2–25 Jahre) erhoben. Die Spätnebenwirkungen und das Therapieansprechen hinsichtlich der Veränderungen des Erkrankungsstadiums sowie der Anzahl der Knoten und Stränge wurden erfasst.Ergebnisse:Unter Berücksichtigung des Ausgangsstadiums zeigte sich bei 123 Händen (59%) eine Befundstabilität, 20 Hände (10%) verbesserten sich, während 65 Hände (31%) eine Verschlechterung im Stadium erlitten. Bei Patienten im Stadium N konnte bei 87% der Hände und im Stadium N/I bei 70% eine stabile Situation oder eine Stadienverbesserung erreicht werden. In fortgeschritteneren Stadien stieg das Progressionsrisiko auf 62% (Stadium I) bis 86% (Stadium II). 66% der Patienten berichten über eine anhaltende Symptomrückbildung. Die Radiotherapie führte nicht zu einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate nach einer bei Progression durchgeführten Operation; es zeigten sich nur geringgradige Spätnebenwirkungen (Hautatrophie oder Trockenheit mit Schuppung) bei 32% der Patienten.Schlussfolgerung:Auch nach einer medianen Nachbeobachtungszeit von 13 Jahren erweist sich die Radiotherapie als effektive Maßnahme zur Verhinderung einer weiteren Progression in den Frühstadien der Erkrankung (Stadium N und N/I). Im Fall einer Progression ist eine „Salvage“-Operation ohne erhöhte Nebenwirkungen möglich.


International Journal of Colorectal Disease | 2007

Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on postoperative fecal continence and anal sphincter function in rectal cancer patients

Alexander Pietsch; Rainer Fietkau; Gunther Klautke; Thomas Foitzik; Ernst Klar

Background and aimsNeoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) followed by curative surgery has gained acceptance as the therapy of choice in locally advanced rectal cancer. This prospective study evaluates the effect of nCRT on postoperative anorectal function and continence.Patients and methodsGroup A consisted of 12 patients (59.8u2009±u200911.9xa0years, male:femaleu2009=u20098:4) who received nCRT (5-FU, CPT-11. 45u2009+u20095.4xa0Gy boost) before surgery and Group B of 27 patients (61.9u2009±u200910.6xa0years, male:femaleu2009=u200916:11) who were treated by surgery alone. All patients received a questionnaire to evaluate stool continence and anorectal function before as well as after surgery. Anorectal function was further analyzed by perfusion manometry pre- and postoperatively.ResultsPreoperatively, none of the patients had signs or symptoms of fecal incontinence, and preoperative measurements showed values within normal limits. Postoperatively, fecal continence was impaired in both groups, but no significant difference was found between patients with or without nCRT. Anorectal manometry revealed an impairment of anorectal function after low anterior resection regardless of the treatment regime.ConclusionnCRT does not impair anorectal function and fecal continence. The deterioration of continence and anal sphincter function after sphincter preserving surgery is solely caused by the surgical procedure.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2007

6-Year Experience of Concurrent Radiochemotherapy with Vinorelbine Plus a Platinum Compound in Multimorbid or Aged Patients with Inoperable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Sabine Semrau; Anette Bier; Ulrike Thierbach; Christian Virchow; Peter Ketterer; Gunther Klautke; Rainer Fietkau

Background and Purpose:Although poor-risk patients represent no minority in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is little experience with concurrent radiochemotherapy (RCT) in this group. Here, the authors report on the feasibility and efficacy of RCT with vinorelbine plus carboplatin or cisplatin in NSCLC patients with comorbidities and poor general health or advanced age.Patients and Methods:A total of 66 patients (ten women, 56 men, median age 68 years) with inoperable NSCLC and an increased risk of treatment side effects (WHO performance score of 2–3; cardiac, pulmonary or renal failure or extensive weight loss before treatment, or an age of 71–78 years) were treated with vinorelbine 12.5 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, and 43 in combination with either carboplatin 70 mg/m2 (n = 59) or cisplatin 20 mg/m2 (n = 7) on days 1–5 and 29–33 in addition to receiving conventional fractionated radiotherapy with doses of up to 63 Gy (90% isodose).Results:62 of 66 patients (94%) reached the 90% level of the prescribed radiation dose, and 41/66 patient (62%) received at least two cycles of the platinum compound and four cycles of vinorelbine. The following hematologic side effects (CTC classification [Common Toxicity Criteria]) were observed: grade 3 (12%) and grade 4 (15%) thrombocytopenia, grade 3 (38%) and grade 4 (4%) leukocytopenia, and anemia requiring transfusion (26%). Other side effects (CTC) included grade 3 (3%) and grade 4 (2%) esophagitis and grade 3 pneumonitis (3%). The response rates were as follows: complete remission 18%, partial remission 56%, stable disease 21%, and progressive disease 5%. The cumulative survival rates were 53%, 24%, and 8% at 12 months, 24 months, and 5 years, respectively.Conclusion:After including a larger group of patients than in 2003 and following the patients for several years, the authors determine that concurrent RCT consisting of vinorelbine plus a platinum compound and conventional fractionated radiotherapy can be carried out with manageable toxicity, even in this negatively selected population of patients. Their survival rates were comparable to those achieved in other studies with simultaneous RCT.Hintergrund und Ziel:Obwohl Patienten mit erhöhten Behandlungsrisiken keine Minderheit in der Gruppe der inoperablen nichtkleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinome (NSCLC) darstellen, sind die Erfahrungen mit einer simultanen Radiochemotherapie (RCT) gering. Die Autoren berichten über die Durchführbarkeit und Effektivität der RCT mit Vinorelbin und Carboplatin oder Cisplatin bei komorbiden Patienten in reduziertem Allgemeinzustand oder fortgeschrittenem Alter.Patienten und Methodik:Insgesamt wurden 66 Patienten (zehn Frauen, 56 Männer, medianes Alter 68 Jahre) mit inoperablem NSCLC und erhöhten Behandlungsrisiken (WHO-Performance-Score 2/3; kardialer, pulmonaler oder renaler Insuffizienz oder ausgeprägtem prätherapeutischem Gewichtsverlust oder in einem Alter von 71–78 Jahren) mit Vinorelbin 12,5 mg/m2 an den Tagen 1, 8, 15, 29, 36 und 43 und Carboplatin 70 mg/m2 (n = 59) oder Cisplatin 20 mg/m2 (n = 7) d1–5 und 29–33 sowie einer konventionell fraktionierten Radiotherapie bis 63 Gy (90%-Isodose) behandelt.Ergebnisse:62 von 66 Patienten (94%) erreichten ein Dosislevel von 90% der zu applizierenden Strahlendosis, 41/66 Patienten (62%) erhielten mindestens zwei Kurse des Platinderivats und vier Kurse Vinorelbin. Folgende hämatologische Nebenwirkungen (CTC-Klassifikation [Common Toxicity Criteria]) wurden beobachtet: Thrombozytopenie Grad 3 (12%) und Grad 4 (15%), Leukozytopenie Grad 3 (38%) und Grad 4 (4%) sowie transfusionsbedürftige Anämie (26%). Andere Nebenwirkungen bestanden aus Ösophagitiden Grad 3 (3%) und Grad 4 (2%) sowie Pneumonitis Grad 3 (3%). Die Ansprechraten waren wie folgt: komplette Remission 18%, partielle Remission 56%, stabile Erkrankung 21% und Krankheitsprogression 5%. Das kumulative Überleben betrug nach 12 Monaten 53%, nach 24 Monaten 24% und nach 5 Jahren 8%.Schlussfolgerung:Auch nach Einschluss einer größeren Patientengruppe als 2003 und nach einer langen Nachbeobachtungszeit wird eine simultane RCT mit Vinorelbin und einem Platinderivat sowie einer konventionell fraktionierten Radiotherapie mit einer beherrschbaren Toxizität bei diesem negativ selektionierten Patientengut für durchführbar erachtet. Die Überlebensdaten erreichen die in anderen Studien durch eine simultane RCT erzielten Ergebnisse.


Laryngoscope | 2005

Confocal microscopy of the peripheral gustatory system : Comparison between healthy subjects and patients suffering from taste disorders during radiochemotherapy

Tino Just; Hans Wilhelm Pau; Ingmar Bombor; Rudolf Guthoff; Rainer Fietkau; Thomas Hummel

Objectives: Laser‐scanning microscopy (LSM) was used to compare taste buds and epithelia of fungiform papillae of healthy subjects with those of patients suffering from taste disorders during/after radiochemotherapy (RCT). Aim of the study was to investigate effects responsible for taste loss at a microscopic level.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2004

Neoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy in Locally Advanced Gastric Carcinoma

Gunther Klautke; Thomas Foitzik; Kaja Ludwig; Peter Ketterer; Ernst Klar; Rainer Fietkau

Background and Purpose:Gastric carcinoma is characterized by a high rate of local recurrences and distant metastases and is often not resectable due to locally advanced stage. The aim of this study was to examine feasibility and effectiveness of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) for locally advanced, primarily nonresectable gastric carcinoma and to achieve curative resection.Patients and Methods:21 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer located in cardia (n = 17) and corpus (n = 4; seven cT3; 14 cT4; 18 cN+; all cM0) with a median age of 61 years were scheduled to receive neoadjuvant RCT. Therapy consisted of a conventionally fractionated, conformal radiotherapy using the shrinking-field technique (1.8 Gy to 45 Gy + 5.4 Gy) and chemotherapy using cisplatin (20 mg/m2, d1–5, 29–33), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 800 mg/m2, d1–5, 29–33) or paclitaxel (135 mg/m2, d1, 29). 4–6 weeks after completion of RCT, surgery was performed whenever feasible.Results:Hematologic toxicity was moderate with grade 3 leukopenia in 10/21 patients and grade 3 thrombopenia in 5/21 (CTC). Nonhematologic toxicities consisted of 5/21 cases of fever as well as one fungal sepsis. Following RCT, tumors were classified resectable in 16/21 patients (76%); 12/21 patients (58%) were operated on, 11/12 achieved clear margins (R0). Response was as follows: complete remission (CR) 3/21 (14%), partial remission 13/21 (62%), no change 3/21 (14%), systemic progressive disease (PD) 2/21 (10%). The median survival and the 2-year survival rates were 18 months and 42%, respectively, for the patients following R0 resections as compared to 10 months and 0% for the remaining patients (p = 0.035). Local control (4 years) for patients following R0 resection was 89%.Conclusion:Neoadjuvant RCT is feasible and locally highly effective but must be further investigated involving a higher number of patients.Hintergrund und Ziel:Das Magenkarzinom ist durch eine hohe Rate an Lokalrezidiven und Fernmetastasen gekennzeichnet und im lokal fortgeschrittenen Stadium oftmals irresektabel. Ziel dieser Studie war die Überprüfung der Durchführbarkeit und Effektivität einer neoadjuvanten Radiochemotherapie (RCT) beim lokal fortgeschrittenen, primär nicht resektablen Magenkarzinom mit dem Ziel, die Resektabilität zu erreichen.Patienten und Methodik:21 Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenen Kardia- (n = 17) und Korpuskarzinomen (n = 4) des Magens (sieben cT3; 14 cT4; 18 cN+; alle cM0) im Alter von median 61 Jahren wurden zur neoadjuvanten RCT vorgestellt. Die Therapie bestand aus einer konventionell fraktionierten, konformalen Strahlentherapie in Shrinking-Field-Technik (1,8 Gy bis 45 Gy + 5,4 Gy) und einer cisplatinhaltigen (20 mg/m2, d1–5, 29–33) Chemotherapie mit 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU; 800 mg/m2, d1–5, 29–33) oder Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2, d1, 29). 4–6 Wochen nach Abschluss der RCT erfolgte die Operation.Ergebnisse:Die Hämatotoxizität war mit Leukopenien Grad 3 bei 10/21 Patienten und Thrombopenien Grad 3 nach CTC bei 5/21 Patienten moderat; nichthämatologische Toxizitäten waren in 5/21 Fällen Fieber sowie eine Pilzsepsis. Nach der RCT wurden die Tumoren bei 16/21 Patienten (76%) als resektabel eingestuft; 12/21 Patienten (58%) wurden operiert, 11/12 wurden R0-reseziert. Die Ansprechraten waren wie folgt: komplette Remission (CR) 3/21 (14%), partielle Remission (PR) 13/21 (62%), stabile Erkrankung (NC) 3/21 (14%), systemische Progression (PD) 2/21 (10%). Das mediane Überleben und die 2-Jahres-Überlebensrate betrugen nach R0-Resektion 18 Monate und 42% im Vergleich zu 10 Monaten und 0% bei den übrigen Patienten (p = 0,035). Die lokale Kontrolle (4 Jahre) nach R0-Resektion lag bei 89%.Schlussfolgerung:Die neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie ist durchführbar und lokal hocheffektiv, muss aber an größeren Patientenzahlen weiter überprüft werden.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2003

Concurrent Radiochemotherapy with Vinorelbine plus Cisplatin or Carboplatin in Patients with Locally Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and an Increased Risk of Treatment Complications

Sabine Semrau; Anette Bier; Ulrike Thierbach; Christian Virchow; Peter Ketterer; Rainer Fietkau

Background:In elderly patients, patients with multiple morbidities,nand patients with a reduced general condition, the standardntreatment of inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)nconsists of either chemotherapy or radiation therapy alone andnis associated with an extremely poor prognosis. We thereforeninvestigated the feasibility, toxicity, and efficacy ofnradiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy using vinorelbine plusncisplatin or carboplatin in NSCLC patients at risk for treatmentncomplications.Patients and Methods:A total of 33 patients (six women, 27 men, median age 65nyears) with locally advanced, functionally inoperable pulmonaryncarcinomas, recurrent lung cancer or postoperative macroscopicnresidual tumors (R2) with an increased risk of treatmentncomplications (WHO performance status 2/3; cardiac, renal ornpulmonary failure; marked pretherapeutic weight loss; agenbetween 71–75 years) received 12.5 mg of vinorelbine pernm2 body surface area (BSA) on days 1,n8, 15, 29, 36 and 43 plus either cisplatin 20nmg/m2 BSA (ten patients) orncarboplatin 70 mg/m2 BSA (23npatients) on days 1–5 and 29–33 together with conventionallynfractionated radiotherapy. The tumor regions were irradiatednwith doses of up to 63 Gy (90% isodose), and potentiallynaffected lymph nodes received doses of up to 45.0 or 50.4 Gyn(90% isodose).Results:Briefly, 31 of 33 patients successfully completednradiation therapy and 26 received four cycles of vinorelbinenplus at least two cycles of cisplatin or carboplatin.nHematotoxic side effects included grade III leukocytopenia (n =n8), grade III thrombocytopenia (n = 5), and grade IVnthrombocytopenia (n = 2). Other side effects consisted ofnperipheral neuropathy grade III (n = 1) and esophagitis grade IVn(n = 1). Severe pneumonitis did not occur. Six patients hadnpneumonia before radiochemotherapy. 21 patients (63%) exhibitedna complete (n = 7) or partial response (n = 14) tonchemoradiation. The twelve nonresponders had either stable (n =n9) or progressive disease (n = 3). The survival rates plusnstandard deviations were as follows: 1-year survival: 60 ± 8%,n2-year survival: 36 ± 9%, 3-year survival: 24 ± 9%, mediannsurvival time: 17 months (5;29 months; 95% confidence intervaln[CI]), median progression-free survival: 11 months (9;13 months;n95% CI). The median follow-up time was 14 months.Conclusion:Conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy withnvinorelbine plus a platinum derivative is feasible in patientsnwith NSCLC and increased risk of treatment complications.nCompared to patient populations described in the literature, thensurvival rates achieved by concurrent radiochemotherapy appearnto be better than those achieved with radiotherapy alone.Hintergrund:Eine alleinige Bestrahlung oder Chemotherapie istntherapeutischer Standard bei multimorbiden, alten oder imnAllgemeinzustand reduzierten Patienten mit inoperablennnichtkleinzelligen Bronchialkarzinomen (NSCLC). Die Prognose istnaußerordentlich schlecht. Deshalb untersuchten wir dienDurchführbarkeit, Toxizität und Wirksamkeit einer simultanennRadiochemotherapie mit Vinorelbin und Cisplatin oder Carboplatinnbei Patienten mit NSCLC und erhöhtem Behandlungsrisiko.Patienten und Methodik:33 Patienten (sechs Frauen, 27 Männer, medianes Alter 65nJahre) mit einem lokal fortgeschrittenen, funktionellninoperablen Bronchialkarzinom, Bronchialkarzinomrezidiv odernpostoperativem makroskopischen Residualtumor (R2) mit erhöhtennBehandlungsrisiken (WHO-Performance-Status 2/3 oder kardialenoder renale oder pulmonale Insuffizienz oder ausgeprägternprätherapeutischer Gewichtsverlust oder Alter zwischen 71 und 75nJahren) erhielten 12,5 mg/m2nKörperoberfläche (KO) Vinorelbin an den Tagen 1, 8, 15, 29, 36nund 43 sowie Cisplatin 20 mg/m2 KOn(zehn Patienten) oder Carboplatin 70nmg/m2 KO (23 Patienten) an den Tagenn1–5 und 29–33 zusammen mit einer konventionell fraktioniertennStrahlentherapie der Tumorregionen bis 63 Gy (90%-Isodose) undnpotentiell befallener Lymphknoten bis 45,0 bzw. 50,4 Gyn(90%-Isodose).Ergebnisse:Die Bestrahlung wurde bei 31 von 33 Patienten in vollernDosierung und die Chemotherapie bei 26 Patienten mit mindestensnzwei Kursen Cisplatin oder Carboplatin und vier KursennVinorelbin durchgeführt. Hämatotoxische Nebenwirkungen schlossennLeukozytopenien Grad III (n = 8), Grad-III-Thrombozytopenien (nn= 5) und Grad-IV-Thrombozytopenien (n = 2) ein. SonstigenNebenwirkungen: periphere Neuropathie Grad III (n = 1) undnÖsophagitis Grad IV (n = 1). Es war keine höhergradigenPneumonitis zu verzeichnen. Sechs Patienten hatten einenPneumonie, die jeweils bereits vor Therapiebeginn bestand. 21nPatienten (63%) zeigten entweder eine komplette (n = 7) oderneine partielle Remission (n = 14) auf die Radiochemotherapie.nDie zwölf Patienten ohne Therapieansprechen hatten entweder einen“stable disease“ (n = 9) oder waren progredient (n = 3). DienÜberlebensraten einschließlich Standardabweichungen betrugen:n1-Jahres-Überlebensrate: 60 ± 8%, 2-Jahres-Überlebensrate: 36 ±n9%, 3-JahresÜberlebensrate: 24 ± 9%, mediane Überlebenszeit: 17nMonate (5;29 Monate; 95%-Konfidenzintervall [KI]), medianesnprogressionsfreies Überleben: 11 Monate (9;13 Monate; 95%-KI).nDie mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit lag bei 14 Monaten.Schlussfolgerung:Eine konventionell fraktionierte Radiochemotherapie mitnVinorelbin und einem Platinderivat ist bei Patienten mit NSCLCnund erhöhten Therapierisiken durchführbar. Verglichen mit ausnder Literatur bekannten Ergebnissen einer alleinigen Bestrahlungnscheinen durch eine simultane Radiochemotherapie besserenÜberlebensraten möglich.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 1997

Akuttoxizität der simultanen Radiochemotherapie des Rektumkarzinoms

Claus Rödel; Rainer Fietkau; Ludwig Keilholz; Gerhard G. Grabenbauer; H. Kessler; Peter Martus; Rolf Sauer

AIMnWe retrospectively examined the acute toxicity of (neo-)adjuvant combined treatment for rectal cancer in an attempt to evaluate potential factors that influence the severity of toxic side effects.nnnPATIENTS AND METHODnBetween 1987 and 1995, 120 patients with rectal cancer (73 patients with primary tumor, 47 with recurrent disease) received chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Fifty-six patients received preoperative chemoradiation, 64 patients were treated postoperatively. Radiation was given by 4-field box technique with 6 to 10 MV-photons. Daily fraction size was 1.8 Gy, total dose 50.4 Gy (range: 41.4 to 56 Gy) +/- 5.4 Gy (range: 3.6 to 19.8 Gy) local boost in selected cases, specified to the ICRU reference point. During the first and fifth week of radiation 5-FU at a dose of 1000 m2/d for 120 hours was administered by continuous infusion. Toxicity was recorded following (modified) WHO-criteria.nnnRESULTSnAcute grade 3 toxicity occurred mainly as diarrhea (33%), perineal skin reaction (37%), and leukopenia (10%). Extension of the treatment volume including paraaortic lymph nodes (L3) led to a significant increase of grade 3-diarrhea (68% vs. 25%, p = 0.0003) and grade 3-leukopenia (18% vs. 8%, p = 0.03). After abdominoperineal resection less patients suffered from grade 3-diarrhea (8% vs. 47% after sphincter preserving procedures, p = 0.0006), whereas severe perineal erythema occurred more frequently (56% vs. 29%, p = 0.02). Women had significantly more toxic side effects (grade 3-diarrhea: 39% vs. 16% in men, p = 0.04; grade 2 to 3-nausea/emesis: 21% vs. 8% in men, p = 0.018; grade 2 to 3-leukopenia 53% vs. 31% in men, p = 0.02). After preoperative chemoradiation a significant reduction of grade 3-diarrhea (11% vs 29%, p = 0.03) and grade 3-erythema (16% vs. 41%, p = 0.04) was noted.nnnCONCLUSIONnTreatment volume, type of surgery, sex and sequence of treatment modalities are the most important factors that influence the severity of toxic side effects. Individual adjustment of 5-FU dosage by monitoring its systemic clearance (which is lower in women) could help to avoid toxic side effects. The reduced acute toxicity of the preoperative approach provides a further argument in favor of the neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer.ZusammenfassungZielRetrospektive Untersuchung von Art und Ausprägung der therapieassoziierten Toxizität der simultanen Radiochemotherapie des Rektumkarzinoms zur Bestimmung wesentlicher Einflußfaktoren ihres Auftretens.Patienten und MethodeVon 1987 bis 1995 wurde bei 120 Patienten mit Rektumkarzinom (73 Primärtumoren. 47 Rezidivtumoren) eine simultane Radiochemotherapie durchgeführt. 56 Patienten wurden präoperativ, 64 Patienten postoperativ behandelt. Die Bestrahlung erfolgte über eine Vier-Felder-Technik mit 6- bis 10-MV-Photonen. Die Einzeldosis betrug 1,8 Gy im Referenzpunkt (Isozentrum, ICRU 50), die Gesamtdosis lag bei 50,4 Gy (Range: 41,4 bis 56 Gy) ±5,4 Gy (Range: 3,6 bis 19,8 Gy) Boost. In der ersten und fünften Bestrahlungswoche erhielten die Patienten an fünf aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen eine Dosis von täglich 1000 mg/m2 5-Fluorouracil (Maximaldosis 1800 mg) als intravenöse Dauerinfusion über 120 Stunden. Die Toxizitätsanalyse erfolgte gemäß (modifizierter) WHO- Kriterien.ErgebnisseGrad-4-Akuttoxizität wurde bei nur drei Patienten beobachtet (Leukopenie, Sepsis, Herzrhythmusstörungen). Grad-3-Akuttoxizität trat insbesondere als Diarrhö (33%), perineale Epitheliolysen (37%) und Leukopenie (10%) auf. Bei zusätzlicher Bestrahlung des paraaortalen Lymphabflußgebietes (bis L3) zeigte sich ein signifikanter Anstieg an Grad-3-Diarrhö (68% vs. 25%, p=0,0003) und Grad-3-Leukopenie (18% vs. 8%, p=0,03). Nach abdominoperinealer Exstirpation litten signifikant weniger Patienten unter Grad-3-Diarrhö (8% vs. 47% nach kontinenzerhaltender Operation, p=0,0006), höhergradige Hauttoxizität war bei diesen Patienten dagegen signifikant häufiger (56% vs. 29%, p=0,02). Bei Frauen war im Vergleich zu Männern die Toxizität signifikant höher (Grad-3-Diarrhö: 39% vs. 16%, p=0,04; Grad-2/3-Übelkeit/Erbrechen: 21% vs. 8%, p=0,018; Grad-2/3-Leukopenie: 53% vs. 31%, p=0,02). Bei der präoperativen Radiochemotherapie war die Grad-3-Diarrhö (11% vs. 29%, p=0,03) und Grad-3-Hauttoxizität (16% vs. 41%, p=0,04) signifikant reduziert.SchlußfolgerungWesentliche Einflußfaktoren der Akuttoxizität bei simultaner Radiochemotherapie des Rektumkarzinoms sind Bestrahlungsvolumen, Operationsart. Geschlecht und Therapiesequenz. Ein Monitoring der 5-FU-Clearance (bei Frauen geringer als bei Männern) und eine entsprechende individuelle Anpassung der 5-FU-Dosis könnten zu einer Optimierung der Therapie beitragen. Die Reduzierung der akuten Nebenwirkungen durch die präoperative Radiochemotherapie liefert ein gewichtiges Argument für die neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie des Rektumkarzinoms.AbstractAimWe retrospectively examined the acute toxicity of (neo-)adjuvant combined treatment for rectal cancer in an attempt to evaluate potential factors that influence the severity of toxic side effects.Patients and MethodBetween 1987 and 1995, 120 patients with rectal cancer (73 patients with primary tumor, 47 with recurrent disease) received chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Fifty-six patients received preoperative chemoradiation, 64 patients were treated postoperatively. Radiation was given by 4-field box technique with 6 to 10 MV-photons. Daily fraction size was 1.8 Gy, total dose 50.4 Gy (range: 41,4 to 56 Gy) ±5.4 Gy (range: 3,6 to 19,8 Gy) local boost in selected cases, specified to the ICRU reference point. During the first and fifth week of radiation 5-FU at a dose of 1000 m2/d for 120 hours was administered by continuous infusion. Toxicity was recorded following (modified) WHO-criteria.ResultsAcute grade 3 toxicity occurred mainly as diarrhea (33%), perineal skin reaction (37%), and leukopenia (10%). Extension of the treatment volume including paraaortic lymph nodes (L3) led to a significant increase of grade 3-diarrhea (68% vs. 25%, p=0.0003) and grade 3-leukopenia (18% vs. 8%, p=0.03). After abdominoperineal resection less patients suffered from grade 3-diarrhea (8% vs. 47% after sphincter preserving procedures, p=0.0006), whereas severe perineal erythema occurred more frequently (56% vs. 29%, p=0.02). Women had significantly more toxic side effects (grade 3-diarrhea: 39% vs. 16% in men, p=0,04; grade 2 to 3-nausea/emesis: 21% vs. 8% in men, p=0.018; grade 2 to 3-leukopenia 53% vs. 31% in men, p=0.02). After preoperative chemoradiation a significant reduction of grade 3-diarrhea (11% vs 29%, p=0.03) and grade 3-crythema (16% vs. 41%, p=0.04) was noted.ConclusionTreatment volume, type of surgery, sex and sequence of treatment modalities are the most important factors that influence the severity of toxic side effects. Individual adjustment of 5-FU dosage by monitoring its systemic clearance (which is lower in women) could help to avoid toxic side effects. The reduced acute toxicity of the preoperative approach provides a further argument in favor of the neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer.

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Rolf Sauer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

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Claus Rödel

Goethe University Frankfurt

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Peter Martus

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

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Werner Hohenberger

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

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Gerhard G. Grabenbauer

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

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C. Roedel

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

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