Raja Kumar Murugesan

Improving the performance of IPv6 packet transmission over LAN

IPv6 has extended features with a host of advantages when compared to IPv4 which could be capitalized to leverage on todays communication needs. Apart from its advantages, IPv6 header size has increased to twice the size of a typical IPv4 header resulting in increased overhead. IPv6 includes IPSec which adds further overhead and reduces network performance. The increased header size and IPSec in IPv6 would increase bandwidth utilization, increase latency and reduce throughput for IPv6 traffic. Devising appropriate methods to offset this increased overhead will significantly improve the performance of IPv6 packet transmission depending on the traffic being transferred. Based on our ongoing research, we present a customized IPv6 header for packet transmission over a LAN. The customized IPv6 header reduces the size of the IPv6 packet header. The reduction in header size will significantly improve the performance of small sized IPv6 packets that are dominantly present over a LAN in terms of bandwidth savings, better response time and increased throughput.

Improving Security of Duplicate Address Detection on IPv6 Local Network in Public Area

Internet Protocol Version six (IPv6) is an ultimate solution for the Internet address depletion problem. It is developed not only to solve the addressing problem but also introduce some improvements on networking infrastructure. One of the improvements is the availability of Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). Duplicate address detection (DAD) is one of the functions of NDP to make sure a generated IPv6 address is unique. However, since the NDP is not supported by a security mechanism, the DAD is vulnerable to DoS attack. Attacker can fail the detection process that causes on failing of IPv6 address configuration. The NDP standard suggested using IPSec or SeND to protect the NDP. However, the two security mechanisms introduced high computation due to the usage of cryptography algorithm. Further, its implementation in IPv6 local network is not trivial. This paper proposes a lightweight security mechanism based on distributed trust management that integrates hard security and soft security to secure the DAD in IPv6 called Trust-ND. The experimental result showed it could save the processing time of SeND mechanism up to 65.44 ms in sender and 23.53 ms in receiver. It also saves the available bandwidth up to 21.504 Kbps from the SeND mechanism.

IPv6 address distribution: An alternative approach

Recently, IPv6 address management has attracted greater interest and discussion after proposals were made to introduce competition by having an alternative to the existing system of IPv6 address distribution. This paper describes an alternative approach for the distribution of IPv6 addresses called the Country Internet Registry (CIR) model. The proposed CIR model would serve in addition to the existing Regional Internet Registry (RIR) model so that the users can choose from whom they wish to obtain their IPv6 addresses. Alternative schemes introduced for IPv6 address allocation would facilitate in providing a competitive environment in IPv6 address management. This competitive environment would help-in making the RIRs to be more responsive to user needs, help to overcome oversight if any by the RIRs, and provide enhanced services at a cheaper cost to the users.

A Hybrid Address Allocation Algorithm for IPv6

The scalability of the Internet routing system has caught much attention in the recent years as it affects the performance of the Internet greatly. IP address fragmentation is one main cause for routing scalability and existing address allocation practices are one major contributor to address fragmentation. Address fragmentation increases routing table size, hence IP look-up and routing efficiency. It also constraints the processing and memory capabilities of routers leading to failing routes if the burgeoning growth of the routing table size is not contained. A proper address allocation algorithm coupled with appropriate address allocation policies will help to scale the existing addressing and routing system. This research proposes a hybrid address allocation algorithm for IPv6 by combining some of the existing address allocation algorithms leveraging on their merits. The proposed hybrid address allocation algorithm would help in reducing address fragmentation to a greater extent compared to the existing address allocation schemes. This would facilitate in reducing routing table size, increase scalability and hence improve the performance of the Internet.

A Multipurpose global passport solution using IPv6

This paper proposes to use a single unique global identity for every entity especially mankind, used for multiple purposes requiring only one IPv6 address to identify the entity. The IPv6 address assigned to a human entity can be used to identify the individual and coupled with the individuals biometric identity can access to the individuals records in a file stored in a distributed server. The IPv6 address assigned to an individual can be used to identify an individual, access an individuals personal record, medical record, locate the individual, communicate with the individual, perform transactions such as banking, debit or credit cards facilities, income tax, employment provident fund, pension, driving license, etc in a controlled manner.

The Country Internet Registry (CIR) model: An alternative approach for the allocation and distribution of IPv6 Addresses

Internet has evolved from a research based closed network used by the scientist to a social network used by everyone. The way Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are allocated and distributed to users has also evolved with the Internet. But concerns have been raised that the present system of IP address management is not adequate with the growing demands of future Next Generation Network services, fair distribution of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses, sovereignty rights, and bridging the digital divide. Voices have been made by some growing economies requesting for changes in the way currently IP addresses are managed especially with IPv6. This paper describes an alternative approach for the allocation and distribution of IPv6 Addresses by defining an expanded model called the Country Internet Registry (CIR) model. The proposed CIR model would serve in addition to the existing Regional Internet Registry (RIR) model and will coexist such that the users have a choice from whom they wish to obtain the IPv6 addresses. There would be a healthy competition between the CIR model and the RIR model leading to better services at a cheaper cost. The proposed CIR model would ensure that the allocation policies for IPv6 addresses provide equitable access to resources available on the Internet facilitating greater accessibility to the Internet by everyone, bridging the digital divide.

CRC extension header (CEH): A new model to handle transmission error for IPv6 packets over fiber optic links

The escalating growth of web based services has led to the rapid growth of the Internet. This ever increasing growth of the Internet has led to the depletion of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses. IPv6, the Next Generation Internet Protocol developed by IETF in the 1990s is getting wide spread in use replacing IPv4 to overcome its shortcomings including IP address exhaustion. IPv6 offers many advantages and features over IPv4 which could be utilized to handle some of the functions at layer 2 (Data link layer, with reference to the ISO Model) so that the performance of processing packets in term of operations can be improved. One such function of interest is the frame check-sum found in Ethernet headers at the Data link layer. In this paper we show how error handling can be done at the Network layer instead of at the Data link layer by utilizing the extension header feature of IPv6, and the characteristics of the fiber optic medium. Our emulation results show, handling error utilizing IPv6 extension header at the Network layer has smaller packet processing time than handling it in the data link layer that need to check error in every node. Smaller packet processing time means faster transmission of IPv6 packets.

A plausible approach for further decentralization of IPv6 address distribution

In recent years, proposals made to introduce competition to the existing system of IPv6 address allocation, has invited greater attention and discussion on IPv6 address management. The above proposition has raised qualms among the advocates of the present system of IPv6 address distribution. They have disapproved the above proposal fearing that further decentralization of IPv6 address distribution would affect the scalability, and stability of the Internet routing system. The increase in the Internet core routing table size beyond its capabilities due to address deaggregation is the reason attributed to it. This paper defines a plausible approach, called the expansionary approach for further decentralization of IPv6 address distribution as if it needs implementation. This new approach maximizes address aggregation by defining proper address allocation and management scheme. It would facilitate users, who wish to have a choice from which Internet Registry they wish to obtain their IPv6 addresses. In addition, a competitive environment, provided by further decentralization, would be an impetus for the address supplier to be more innovative and responsive to users and market needs.

Increased performance of IPv6 packet transmission over ethernet

Packets are the basic unit of data transfer in the Internet. Each packet essentially consists of a header that carries network control information apart from the payload part that contains useful information meant for transmission. The size of the header depends on the associated protocol and these headers are an overhead in terms of processing and bandwidth utilization. As packet size decreases, protocol overhead would increase since the header to payload size ratio becomes large. So packet size influences performance. Traffic on the Internet and LAN, which are dominated by small packets aggravate the above problem of protocol overhead affecting the performance of packet transmission. The introduction of IPv6 as the Next Generation Internet Protocol has a host of advantages over IPv4 to leverage todays communication needs. Apart from its advantages IPv6 uses a significantly large header size when compared to IPv4 which could be handled efficiently so that network resources can be utilized efficiently. From our ongoing research work we put forward a modified IPv6 header format for packet transmission within a LAN. The modified IPv6 header format reduces the size of the IPv6 header. This would reduce IPv6 network protocol overhead by reducing the header to payload size ratio for small and moderate size packets increasing the performance of IPv6 packets transmitted over the Ethernet in terms of bandwidth utilization and throughput.

performance improvement of IPv6 packet transmission through address resolution using direct mapping

The primary function of the Internet protocol (IP) is delivering datagrams across an internetwork and addressing is one of the most important functions of IP. Communication between hosts over an internetwork is accomplished using IP addresses, but the actual communication over a physical network takes place using physical addresses. The mapping of IP addresses to physical addresses is done through address resolution methods. As address resolution is performed at each hop along the path through the Internet, efficiency of this process is of concern. In IP, address resolution queries and responses consume bandwidth, and end nodes are forced to waste CPU cycles receiving and discarding address resolution queries for other nodes which is an overhead. This paper explores the possibility of improving the performance of IPv6 packet transmission through the use of an efficient address resolution method. The performance of application processes depends on the throughput of the server and network. The throughput of a server depends on its processing power and load while the throughput of a network is directly influenced by the efficiency of routers, switches and bandwidth used. This paper proposes to use address resolution through direct mapping instead of dynamic binding which would enhance the efficiency of the address resolution process and plausibly improve the performance of IPv6 packet transmission.