Rajendra N. Goyal

Simultaneous determination of adenosine and inosine using single-wall carbon nanotubes modified pyrolytic graphite electrode

Voltammetric determination of adenosine and inosine has been carried out at single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) modified pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) at pH 7.2 using Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (OSWV). The modified electrode exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic properties towards adenosine and inosine oxidation with a peak potential of approximately 1229 mV and 1348 mV, respectively. Linear calibration curves are obtained over the concentration range 0.5 microM to 1.0 mM in adenosine and 10 microM to 1.0 mM in inosine with sensitivity of 1.0 microA microM(-1) and 1.9 microA microM(-1) for adenosine and inosine respectively. The limit of detection for adenosine and inosine was found to be 0.51x10(-7) M and 2.04x10(-7) M, respectively. The proposed method was also used to estimate these compounds in human blood plasma and urine samples and the method was validated using HPLC.

Gold nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrode for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and serotonin: Application in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids

A new rapid, convenient and sensitive electrochemical method based on a gold nanoparticles modified ITO (Au/ITO) electrode is described for the detection of dopamine and serotonin in the presence of a high concentration of ascorbic acid. The electrocatalytic response was evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and the modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic properties towards dopamine and serotonin oxidation with a peak potential of 70mV and 240mV lower than that at the bare ITO electrode, respectively. The selective sensing of dopamine is further improved by applying square wave voltammetry (SWV) which leads to the lowering of its detection limit. A similar effect on the detection limit of serotonin was observed on using SWV. Linear calibration curves are obtained in the range 1.0x10(-9)-5.0x10(-4)M and 1.0x10(-8)-2.5x10(-4)M with a detection limit of 0.5nM and 3.0nM for dopamine and serotonin, respectively. The Au/ITO electrode efficiently determines both the biomolecules simultaneously, even in the presence of a large excess of ascorbic acid. The adequacy of the developed method was evaluated by applying it to the determination of the content of dopamine in dopamine hydrochloride injections. The proposed procedure was also successfully applied to simultaneously detect dopamine and serotonin in human serum and urine.

A sensitive voltammetric sensor for determination of synthetic corticosteroid triamcinolone, abused for doping

Edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPPGE) modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been used as a sensor to determine triamcinolone, abused by athletes for doping. A comparison of the voltammetric behavior between SWNTs modified EPPGE and fullerene - C(60)-modified EPPGE indicated that SWNTs modified EPPGE is more sensitive. The electrode exhibited an effective catalytic response with good reproducibility and stability. The effect of several parameters such as pH, square wave frequency and steroid concentration were studied. The square wave voltammetric response of the electrode to triamcinolone is linear in the range 0.1-25 nM with a detection limit and sensitivity of 8.9 x 10(-10)M and 2.06 microA nM(-1), respectively. The method was applied for the determination of triamcinolone in several commercially available pharmaceuticals and real urine samples obtained from patients undergoing pharmacological treatment with triamcinolone. A comparison of the observed results with HPLC analysis indicated a good agreement. The product obtained after reduction of triamcinolone was also characterized using (1)H NMR and GC-MS and the site of reduction is found to be carbonyl group at position 20. The method described is rapid, simple and accurate and can be easily applied for detecting cases of doping.

Fullerene-C60-modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode for the determination of dexamethasone in pharmaceutical formulations and human biological fluids

Electrochemical behaviour of dexamethasone at the fullerene-C(60)-modified pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) has been investigated using Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (SWV). Compared to a bare PGE and fullerene-C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the fullerene-C(60)-modified edge plane PGE exhibited an apparent shift of the peak potential to less negative potentials with a marked enhancement in the current response of dexamethasone. The peak potential was linearly dependent on pH with dE(p)/dpH as 59 mV/pH. Calibration plot having good linearity with a correlation coefficient 0.9983 is obtained in the concentration range of 0.05-100 microM and the sensitivity of the method has been found to be 0.685 microA microM(-1). The detection limit is estimated to be 5.5 x 10(-8)M. The electrode showed good sensitivity, stability and reproducibility. The practical analytical utility of the method is illustrated by quantitative determination of dexamethasone in several commercially available pharmaceutical formulations and human blood plasma of patients being treated with dexamethasone. HPLC method was used to compare the results obtained for the quantitative estimation of dexamethasone in biological fluids.

Voltammetric determination of adenosine and guanosine using fullerene-C60-modified glassy carbon electrode

A fullerene-C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is used for the simultaneous determination of adenosine and guanosine by differential pulse voltammetry. Compared to a bare glassy carbon electrode, the modified electrode exhibits an apparent shift of the oxidation potentials in the cathodic direction and a marked enhancement in the voltammetric peak current response for both the biomolecules. Linear calibration curves are obtained over the concentration range 0.5muM-1.0mM in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.2 with a detection limit of 3.02x10(-7)M and 1.45x10(-7)M for individual determination of adenosine and guanosine, respectively. The interference studies showed that the fullerene-C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited excellent selectivity in the presence of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and ascorbic acid. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to detect adenosine and guanosine in human blood plasma and urine, without any preliminary pre-treatment.

Anion recognition using newly synthesized hydrogen bonding disubstituted phenylhydrazone-based receptors: poly(vinyl chloride)-based sensor for acetate.

A potentiometric acetate-selective sensor, based on the use of butane-2,3-dione,bis[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone] (BDH) as a neutral carrier in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix, is reported. Effect of various plasticizers and cation excluder, cetryaltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was studied. The best performance was obtained with a membrane composition of PVC:BDH:CTAB ratio (w/w; mg) of 160:8:8. The sensor exhibits significantly enhanced selectivity toward acetate ions over a wide concentration range 5.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-1)M with a lower detection limit of 1.2 x 10(-6)M within pH range 6.5-7.5 with a response time of <15s and a Nernstian slope of 60.3+/-0.3 mV decade(-1) of activity. Influences of the membrane composition, and possible interfering anions were investigated on the response properties of the electrode. Fast and stable response, good reproducibility and long-term stability are demonstrated. The sensor has a response time of 15s and can be used for at least 65 days without any considerable divergence in their potential response. Selectivity coefficients determined with the separate solution method (SSM) and fixed interference method (FIM) indicate that high selectivity for acetate ion. The proposed electrode shows fairly good discrimination of acetate from several inorganic and organic anions. It was successfully applied to direct determination of acetate within food preservatives. Total concentration of acetic acid in vinegar samples were determined by direct potentiometry and the values agreed with those mentioned by the manufacturers.

Electrochemical investigations of adenosine at solid electrodes

The electrochemical oxidation of adenosine has been studied in the pH range 2.3–10.0 using glassy carbon (GCE) and pyrolytic graphite electrodes (PGE). Voltammetric, coulometric, and spectral studies and product analysis indicate that the oxidation of adenosine occurs in an EC reaction involving a 6e−, 6H+ process at pH 3.0 to give alloxan, urea and ribose as the major products. On the other hand at pH 7.0 the oxidation of adenosine consumed close to 5e− per mole and an OO linked dimer has been characterised as the major product. A tentative mechanism for the formation of the products has also been suggested.

Voltammetric determination of atenolol at C60-modified glassy carbon electrodes

C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrode has been found to exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity towards atenolol oxidation for its voltammetric determination at physiological pH. Lowering of overpotential associated with atenolol oxidation indicates electrocatalytic nature of electrode. Determination of atenolol was carried out at pH 7.2 at modified electrode and a well-defined oxidation peak has been observed approximately 1040mV versus Ag/AgCl electrode for atenolol oxidation. Calibration plot having good co-linearity with a correlation coefficient 0.997 was obtained in the concentration range of 0.25-1.5mM atenolol and the sensitivity of the method has been found to be 8.58muAmM(-1). The detection limit is found to be 0.16mM. The method developed is applicable for atenolol determination in pharmaceutical preparations and urine samples. The modified electrode showed a good surface coverage ( approximately 85%) with C(60).

Electrochemical and enzymic oxidation of guanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine and the effects of oxidation products in mice

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of guanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine has been studied in phosphate buffers at glassy carbon and pyrolytic graphite electrodes. On the basis of the electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical and product analysis, it has been concluded that oxidation of guanosine proceeds via the formation of 8-hydroxyguanosine. The initial electrode reaction has been deduced to involve a Ie, 1H+ step to give a free radical which on further oxidation gives 8-hydroxyguanosine. The 2e, 2H+ oxidation of 8-hydroxyguanosine rapidly gives a diimine species which undergoes a series of chemical reactions to give urea riboside, 2-amino-4,5,6-trioxypyrimidine and a dimer at pH 3.0 and 5-guanidinohydantoin at pH 7.0. The peroxidase catalysed oxidation of 8-hydroxyguanosine was also found to proceed by a mechanism identical to electrochemical oxidation. Intracranial injection of a single dose of the oxidation product of guanosine (dimer) in albino mice caused nephritis with edema and hence was toxic in nature.

In vitro chloramphenicol detection in a Haemophilus influenza model using an aptamer-polymer based electrochemical biosensor.

A sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor is developed for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) exploring its direct electron transfer processes in in-vitro model and pharmaceutical samples. This biosensor exploits a selective binding of CAP with aptamer, immobilized onto the poly-(4-amino-3-hydroxynapthalene sulfonic acid) (p-AHNSA) modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite. The electrochemical reduction of CAP was observed in a well-defined peak. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) study is performed to confirm the interaction between the polymer film and the aptamer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to detect CAP. The in-vitro CAP detection is performed using the bacterial strain of Haemophilus influenza. A significant accumulation of CAP by the drug sensitive H. influenza strain is observed for the first time in this study using a biosensor. Various parameters affecting the CAP detection in standard solution and in in vitro detection are optimized. The detection of CAP is linear in the range of 0.1-2500 nM with the detection limit and sensitivity of 0.02 nM and 0.102 µA/nM, respectively. CAP is also detected in the presence of other common antibiotics and proteins present in the real sample matrix, and negligible interference is observed.