Rakesh Kumar Jha

A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks

A constant need to increase the network capacity for meeting the growing demands of the subscribers has led to the evolution of cellular communication networks from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G). There will be billions of connected devices in the near future. Such a large number of connections are expected to be heterogeneous in nature, demanding higher data rates, lesser delays, enhanced system capacity and superior throughput. The available spectrum resources are limited and need to be flexibly used by the mobile network operators (MNOs) to cope with the rising demands. An emerging facilitator of the upcoming high data rate demanding next generation networks (NGNs) is device-to-device (D2D) communication. An extensive survey on device-to-device (D2D) communication has been presented in this paper, including the plus points it offers; the key open issues associated with it like peer discovery, resource allocation etc, demanding special attention of the research community; some of its integrant technologies like millimeter wave D2D (mmWave), ultra dense networks (UDNs), cognitive D2D, handover procedure in D2D and its numerous use cases. Architecture is suggested aiming to fulfill all the subscriber demands in an optimal manner. The Appendix mentions some ongoing standardization activities and research projects of D2D communication. Proposed architecture for resource allocation in device-to-device (D2D) communication. In order to meet the rising subscriber demands and provide them satisfactory services, D2D communication is being looked upon as an emerging technology of the next generation networks. For optimal sharing of resources between the D2D users and cellular users in the cellular networks, a sectored antenna is used at the base station, dividing the entire coverage area into three sectors of 120° each. This supports reduction in interference between the two types of users thereby, improving system performance.Display Omitted Roadmap of D2D communication through the generations of wireless communication.Outline of D2D communication; supporting architectures and use cases.Integrant features (like Ultra Dense networks, millimeter wave communication, cooperative communication, network coding etc.) to enhance utility of D2D communication in the next generation networks.Key open challenges and some important algorithms to overcome them.Proposed architecture for optimal resource allocation and throughput maximization.

Power Optimization in 5G Networks: A Step Towards GrEEn Communication

In the present scenario, an energy efficiency has become a matter of prime importance for wireless networks. To meet the demands of an increased capacity, an improved data rate, and a better quality of the service of the next-generation networks, there is a need to adopt energy-efficient architectures. Along with these requirements, it is also our social responsibility to reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the power consumption in a wireless network. Hence, a green communication is an urgent need. In this paper, we have surveyed various techniques for the power optimization of the upcoming 5G networks. The primary focus is on the use of relays and small cells to improve the energy efficiency of the network. We have discussed the various scenarios of relaying for the next-generation networks. Along with this, the importance of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer, massive multiple input multiple output, and millimeter waves has been analyzed for 5G networks.

A survey on device-to-device (D2D) communication

The number of devices is expected to radically increase in near future, with an estimate of above 50 billion connected devices by 2020. The subscribers demand improved data rates, with reduced latency and increased system capacity. To endure the rising demands, cellular networks need to undergo suitable changes. For fulfillment of the rising needs of users and efficient utilization of the available scarce resources, device-to-device (D2D) communication is being looked upon as an important emerging technology for present and future cellular networks. It allows peer-to-peer communication between users, with improved spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and system throughput. In this paper, a detailed survey on device-to-device (D2D) communications has been offered, along with the challenges which exist for D2D (like resource allocation, security, interference management etc.) to become a successful paradigm of wireless networks. In order to fulfill the subscriber needs, architecture has been proposed which assures overcoming the various implementation challenges of D2D communication. The paper largely focuses on security in D2D communication and the possible attacks to which the direct links are susceptible to. For ensuring a secure D2D communication, solution has been proposed, based upon Internet Protocol Security (IP Sec). The proposed architecture aims at providing optimal amount of resources to all the users in the cellular system, be it cellular user or D2D user, in an adaptive manner. Such an allocation avoids resource wastage and improves system throughput thereby enhancing the overall network performance.Display Omitted Fundamentals of D2D (Fundamental architecture, Classification on the basis of spectrum accessed and degree of involvement of base station , channel models).Proposed architecture for adaptive time slot allocation to all users (cellular as well as D2D users).Security in D2D communication: possible attacks, available literature and proposed solution for securing direct links using IP Sec.

Location Based Performance of WiMAX Network for QoS with Optimal Base Stations (BS)

In this paper we are given concept of our WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) network perfor-mance for QoS monitoring and optimization solution for BS (Base Station) with multimedia application. In the communication sector, the optimal objective is to equate quality and cost. Due to its large coverage area, low cost of deployment and high speed data rates. WiMAX is a promising technology for providing wireless last-mile connectivity. Physical and MAC layer of this technology refer to the IEEE 802.16e standard, which defines 5 different data delivery service classes that can be used in order to satisfy Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different applications, such as VoIP, videoconference, FTP, Web, etc. In this paper we have made six scenarios. Here two types of MAC layer QoS are used and they are UGS and rtPS having application of Voice over IP (VoIP) and MPEG respectively. Also the traffic priority for UGS is high as compared to rtPS. In each scenario the number of fixed nodes (Fixed Subscriber Stations) and Mobile nodes (Mobile Subscriber Stations) are different. To cover more nodes or if nodes are outside the coverage area more than one BS are required. All the simulation results based on optimized networks and area we have considered between Bhusaval and Jalgam.

Security Comparison of Wired and Wireless Network with Firewall and Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Computer networks are typically a shared resource used by many applications for many different purposes. Sometimes the data transmitted between application processes is confidential, and the application users would prefer that others not be able to read it. A firewall is a specially programmed router that sits between a site and the rest of the network. It is a router in the sense that it is connected to two or more physical networks and it forwards packets from one network to another, but it also filters the packets that flow through it. A VPN is an example of providing a controlled connectivity over a public network such as the Internet. VPNs utilize a concept called an IP tunnel-a virtual point-to-point link between a pair of nodes that are actually separated by an arbitrary number of networks. In this paper we set up a network where servers are accessed over the Internet by customers who have different privileges. We study how firewalls and VPNs can provide security to the information in the servers while maintaining access for customers with the appropriate privilege. We are implemented the Security compression of wired and wireless network by using well know tool OPNET 10.0.

WiMAX System Simulation and Performance Analysis under the Influence of Jamming

This paper presents simulation of WiMAX based system under jamming. The performance of the system was found out to greatly differ with the use of different jamming signals, allowing central areas to be identified, where system devel-opment should be focused on. In addition, from the basic theory point of view, rather surprising results were also found. This work should give a clear picture of how the studied WiMAX system performs under jamming as well as without jamming. The results show that some forms of interference degrade the performance of the system rapidly, thus the form of incoming jamming should be known and considered before deploying the system. Single carrier jamming and multi–carrier jamming are discussed here. The issues related to jamming and jamming reduction techniques are also covered. Jamming can destroy communication in the targeted area. Multi–carrier jamming is challenge in WiMAX because WiMAX is having OFDM based physical layer. Simulation is the main approach in this paper. OPNET MODELER 14.5 is the software used for the simulation purpose.

Green Communication in Next Generation Cellular Networks: A Survey

In order to meet the intense user demands, the 5G networks are evolving, and will be available by 2020. The unfolding cellular technology has raised the energy consumption in mobile networks with the carbon footprint surging to alarming rates. This is causing an adverse effect on the environment and human health. Addressing these aspects, this paper presents a survey on techniques for making the next generation cellular networks GREEN. A number of technologies form a part of the 5G networks, in order to support the drastic user demands, and are receiving substantial attention from the perspective of green communication. These include device-to-device communication, spectrum sharing, ultra dense networks, massive MIMO, and the Internet of Things. Also, a prime concern in the current scenario is the battery life of the mobile terminals. For enhancing the battery life of the user terminals, a proposal is given in this paper, with spectrum sharing as its basis, to overcome the energy crunch. Major research challenges have been discussed, and the ongoing projects and standardization activities also stated in this paper.

A Survey on Software Defined Networking: Architecture for Next Generation Network

The evolution of software defined networking (SDN) has played a significant role in the development of next-generation networks (NGN). SDN as a programmable network having “service provisioning on the fly” has induced a keen interest both in academic world and industry. In this article, a comprehensive survey is presented on SDN advancement over conventional network. The paper covers historical evolution in relation to SDN, functional architecture of the SDN and its related technologies, and OpenFlow standards/protocols, including the basic concept of interfacing of OpenFlow with network elements (NEs) such as optical switches. In addition a selective architecture survey has been conducted. Our proposed architecture on software defined heterogeneous network, points towards new technology enabling the opening of new vistas in the domain of network technology, which will facilitate in handling of huge internet traffic and helps infrastructure and service providers to customize their resources dynamically. Besides, current research projects and various activities as being carried out to standardize SDN as NGN by different standard development organizations (SODs) have been duly elaborated to judge how this technology moves towards standardization.

E-Governance in Rural India: Need of Broadband Connectivity Using Wireless Technology

The Information and Communication Technologies play an important role in rural development. The Empowerment of rural communities is crucial for the development of the rural region. Bringing the people in the rural region in the mainstream of the digital technologies to access and adopt modern technologies is a major concern now. Rural Development implies both, the economic development of the people and greater social transformation using electronic governance (e-governance). In order to provide the rural people in Maharashtra with better prospects and opportunities for economic development, agricultural development and management, marketing management, increased participation of rural people in usage and adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is envisaged. This paper aims to explore the nature, role and relevance of the Electronic/Digital Governance using ICTs and wireless technologies for agriculture and rural development in the rural regions. It also aims to study the impact of e-governance on rural development and methods for improving local environmental governance having regard particularly to the range of interests and actors involved in e-governance. The paper examines the current status of electronic governance in Jalgaon district in India. It focuses on development of the model using ICTs/wireless technologies for e-governance of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra state, India.