Ralph Haswell Lutz

JOHN FORD GOLAY. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany. Pp. xii, 299. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.

one specific, would the present reviewer be inclined to differ with this first-rate study. It is difficult to accept the author’s contention that the Prussian experience in bureaucratic, aristocratic, and autocratic rulership was &dquo;on the whole representative of general European trends.&dquo; Notwithstanding the claims of area research, there is precious little parallel between the Prussian experience and that of the West. This is precisely the key to the tragedy-the yawning chasm between &dquo;the German

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mented study of the careers and activities of the Wilhelmstrasse diplomats during the Nazi regime, based upon the voluminous documentary material, memoirs, and monographs now available. The author has drawn up criteria of analysis to discover the degree of loyalty of a state bureaucracy to a political regime, and specifically to Nazi Germany. Added interest is given to his analysis by his examination of the progressive disintegration of the old Ger-

SEABURY, PAUL. The Wilhelmstrasse: A Study of German Diplomats Under the Nazi Regime. Pp. xiv, 217. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Cali fornia Press, 1954.

of the problems. For example, on the touchy question of overpopulation, F. Smothers takes a less alarming view than his collaborators. The utterly hopeless prospects of the peasant landowners, who for generations have divided and subdivided their pitifully small holdings, have not been glossed over. The obvious remedies-improved agricultural methods, irrigatiQn and reclamation of waste land, industrialization, and

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than in the past. Arbitration can be a vital force for peace in the world if certain errors of judgment can be avoided. Arbitrators in the past have themselves been to blame for the unpopularity of the method. The book is replete with instances wherein they have failed to perceive the function and duties entrusted to them. The ’book will be must reading to arbitrators, to attorneys, and to students of international relations. In the organization of the book a large part is given over to the history and study of cases. Analysis of cases and precedents established are given which will be of great value to government officials concerned with questions of arbitration. It seems to this reviewer that the author might, with profit to all, have elaborated more in many instances when citing cases. The author has shown how states may make arbitration work to a reasonable degree of satisfaction. States for no sound reason at all have in the past found fault with the arbitral award-an award that could have been handled more carefully and discussed more fully. Judges have at times failed to stay within the terms of their jurisdiction. They have attempted to pass on matters completely beyond and outside the boundaries of the compromise. States have failed at times to use their judicial rights in arbitration and have condemned arbitration as a means of adjusting and settling disputes when as a matter of fact it has been the negligence of the states themselves that has caused the dissatisfaction. Professor Carlston points out that a court of arbitration has to reopen a

TOWSTER, JULIAN. Political Power in the USSR, 1917-1947. Pp. xi, 443. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948.

means to reach this goal are agrarian reforms. The author then gives a bird’s-eye view of colonization in colonies as well as of interior colonization. The latter may take the form of cultivating hitherto unused parts of the rural country of one’s own state-drying up of the Zuider Zee in the Netherlands, cultivation of the great swamps in Italy, colonization of Arctic territories by Soviet Russia, and so on. It may take the form of settlement for industrial workers, the creation of homesteads. It may take the form of the foundation of new towns (as in the United States, Italy, Soviet Russia, and Palestine) or the building of new capitals (as Canberra, Ankara, Hsinching, and Nanking). JOSEF L. KUNZ

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can materialistic and idealistic traits, as well as of the Anglo-Saxon basis of our national life. The author fails, however, to state clearly the fundamental inconsistencies in our traditional foreign policies toward Europe, Latin America, and the Far East. Perhaps Dr. Kunz-Lack overestimates both the ability of the Department of State to create &dquo;elastic slogans&dquo; for foreign adoption, and the naivete of its career men in the presence of prewar secret diplomacy. The author has emphasized Bulow’s plans of compensation in the Philippines, Samoa, and China. In other important negotiations the motivations of German policy are not apparent to the reader. The author has called attention to the lacunae in the Grosse Politik on the Venezuelan crisis. Despite these and the controversy over Roosevelt’s attitude toward the intervention, Dr. Kunz-Lack concludes that the growing naval rivalry between the two powers was the fundamental cause of the prolongation of the crisis. It is to the credit of the author that she has proved from the sources that several American historians have misunderstood

YPSILON. Pattern for World Revolution. Pp. 479. New York: Ziff-Davis Pub lishing Co., 1947.

von Amerika im Zeitalter Bismarcks. Pp. ix, 368. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Company, 1934. Rm. 9. After exhaustive research in the diplomatic archives of Berlin and Washington and in special libraries, Count Otto zu Stolberg-Wernigerode has written a definitive study of the relations between Germany and the United States during the age of Bismarck. Not only the diplomatic relations of the period but also similar national developments are outlined and their inner relationships authoritatively explained. Thus the author’s work is divided into two parts: &dquo;The Way to National Unity,&dquo; covering the period to 1871, and &dquo; The Way to World Power,&dquo; extending from the foundation of the German Empire to the death of Bismarck in 1898. In an introductory chapter the relations between the two peoples are traced from the age of Frederick the Great to the outbreak of the American Civil War. The critical analysis of the subject commences with the great American crisis and its repercussion in European politics. Brilliant are the character study of Bismarck and the presentation of his fundamental policies toward America. Concerning the foreign relations of the United States during the period of the Civil War, the author has constructed a synthesis which deserves the serious consideration of all students of diplomatic history. The development of Germany and America to great industrial states during the last quarter of the nineteenth century created not only intense economic rivalry but also a certain tension in colonial affairs,. The author’s narrative of the first economic struggles between the two powers contains material previously unknown to scholars. His masterly account of the conflict be-