Ram Kumar Sahu

Adverse drug reactions monitoring: prospects and impending challenges for pharmacovigilance

Pharmacovigilance plays a consequential role in the surveillance of adverse drug reactions, which is provoked by the drugs used to cure diseases. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) produce detrimental or undesirable effects to the body after administration of drugs. It has been reported that the number of patients dying because of contrary effects of drugs per year increased upto 2.6-fold. Moreover, rates of hospitalization of patients are increasing owing to adverse effects of drugs. Thus, it becomes challengeable for physician, health care providers, WHO and pharmaceutical industries to resolve the associated problem of ADRs. During the clinical trial of a novel drug, it is prominent to explore the dependability of drug. In this review, we documented the details required to identify the ADRs in patients along with reported banned drugs.

In vitro techniques to assess the proficiency of skin care cosmetic formulations.

Cosmetics comprising either natural or synthetic components are used almost regularly and universally in different forms to enhance the beauty. The utmost disclosure of human membrane to sunlight and environmental pollution results in the exhibition of free radical, that react with deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins and fatty acids, causation oxidative destruction dysfunction of the antioxidant system. In skin, the formation of reactive oxygen species leads to skin diseases, predominantly cutaneous malignancies, immunosuppression, wrinkles, aging, etc., The human organism fosters a barrier practice against the destructive action of free radicals, comprising mostly of vitamins, carotenoids and enzymes. Cosmetic products are the best option to reduce skin disorders such as hyper pigmentation, skin aging, skin wrinkling and rough skin texture, etc., Hence in this review, we conferred various in vitro methods that are used for the development of novel cosmetic formulation. There is an expanding fascinate employing in vitro techniques because they are less time consuming, more cost-effective and lessen the participation of human volunteers.

Phase behavior study of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride Microemulsion prepared by mixed Nonionic surfactant

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is water soluble fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent used for bacterial infection in the eye. It is also available in market as eye drop in aqueous solution. The problem with aqueous solution is that it shoes low permeability and requires frequent doing due washing action and blinking reflex in the eye. To overcome this problem microemulsion were prepared. The aim of present study was to develop and evaluates microemulsion of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for ocular delivery of drug. Pseudoternaty phase diagram was prepared by using span 80, tween 20 as mixed surfactant, sesame oil as oil phase and double distilled water as aqueous media. The nine microemulsion (M1 to M9) were prepared and evaluated for globule size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, percentage drug content, viscosity, conductivity, percentage transmittance and pH.The globule size of M1 to M9 was in the range 116.6±0.07 to 278.4±0.06 nm. The zeta potential values ranged between +11.23±0.11and +24.56±0.17 mV. The PDI value shows narrow size distribution of globule. The drug content of microemulsion varies from 98.12±0.37% to 99.54± 0.36%.The viscosity value for the microemulsion was found <20 cp. The conductivity values from 0.011±0.18to 0.042±0.62.The percentage transmittance of microemulsion varies from 97.1±0.15% to 99.8±0.11 %. The pH values of microemulsions were found acceptable for ocular application. From the size analyses it was observed that microemulsion M1 to M6 showing narrow size range (<200 nm) and it was selected for further study.