Ram M. Shrestha

Factors affecting CO2 intensities of power sector in Asia: A Divisia decomposition analysis

Abstract This paper analyses the evolution of CO 2 intensity of the electricity sector in 12 selected Asian countries during the period 1980–1990. The roles of changes in generation mix and fuel intensity in CO 2 intensity changes during the period have been examined using Divisia index decomposition approach. A key finding of this study is that power sector CO 2 intensities of most Asian countries were mainly influenced by changes in fuel intensities during 1980–1990.

Structural change and energy use: The case of the manufacturing sector in Taiwan

Abstract This paper examines the role of sectoral shift and improvements in energy intensity of individual industries in aggregate manufacturing sector energy intensity changes in Taiwan during 1971–1985. The Divisia index approach is employed to decompose sectoral shift and energy intensity effects. A major finding of this analysis is that changes in energy intensities of individual industries were the main influence in changes in aggregate manufacturing sector fuel and electricity intensities during the period. Sectoral shifts were found to contribute very little to the energy intensity changes.

Optimal enforcement of property rights on developing country forests subject to illegal logging

Abstract Developing country forests are typically subject to inadequate property rights enforcement. These resources convey beneficial externalities and redistribute income to rural poor so that privatization may be inappropriate. What is the optimal forest-property-rights-management regime and the optimal dynamic schedule of enforcement spending? These issues are examined in centralised and decentralised settings where ‘rational-myopic’ poachers confront forest protection authorities. The roles of penalties and judicial systems are discussed as well as the efficiency arguments for community forestry.

State of the art for biomass densification

Abstract The densification process is broadly categorized into two different types: hot and high-pressure densification and cold and low-pressure densification. Under these two broad classes different aspects of densification, such as machinery for densification, mechanism of densification, factors affecting densification, raw material preparation, binders, and the like, have been discussed and the available literature reviewed. The paper provides a review of densification of selected residues.

The additionality criterion for identifying clean development mechanism projects under the Kyoto Protocol

Abstract The clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) is envisioned as a vehicle to encourage developing countries to participate in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts. However, a number of issues related to the CDM are yet to be resolved. One such issue is related to the additionality criterion for identifying the CDM projects. This paper argues that while an application of purely economic additionality criterion is essential to ensure the real and long-term mitigation of global GHG emissions, it could also limit the scope of the CDM as an effective vehicle for GHG mitigation. It would therefore be desirable, under some conditions, to include in the CDM the GHG mitigation projects that are economically attractive but are not implemented due to lack of capital resources. The paper also highlights the need for applying the additionality criterion for assessing candidate CDM projects, especially in the power sector, on the basis of their effects on overall “program” or sectoral level GHG mitigation.

Air pollution from energy use in a developing country city: The case of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

We have examined sectoral energy-use patterns and estimated the associated emission of key air pollutants in Kathmandu Valley for 1993, as well as the levels of pollutant emissions from fuel use in 2013 under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario; total emissions of selected pollutants are estimated to be over 63,000 tons in 1993 and to increase five-fold by 2013. The transport sector contributes the largest share of pollutants, followed by the household and industrial sectors. Gasoline, fuelwood and coal were the dominant fuel contributors to total emissions and CO was the dominant pollutant.

Barriers to the adoption of efficient electricity technologies: a case study of India

This paper presents the results of the study on the barriers to the implementation of various electricity efficient technologies. To identify the barriers, field surveys were conducted in the residential, industrial and commercial sectors and professionals in India. The results indicate that lack of awareness, high initial cost, uncertainty of savings and non-availability were some of the major barriers. The barriers were then ranked according to their relative importance in the residential, industrial and commercial sectors.

Supply- and demand-side effects of carbon tax in the Indonesian power sector: an integrated resource planning analysis

This study examines the implications of carbon tax for power sector development, demand-side management programs and environmental emissions in the case of Indonesia from a long-term integrated resource planning perspective. Introduction of carbon tax is found to result in improvements of system load factor, system reliability and overall efficiency of thermal power generation while the capacity utilization factor deteriorated. At low tax rates, CO2 mitigation due to changes in electricity price is found to be higher than that due to technological substitution and fuel switching while the opposite was the case at medium and high tax rates. It is also found that tax revenue need not always increase with carbon tax.

Supply- and demand-side effects of power sector planning with CO2 mitigation constraints in a developing country

In this paper, the implications of CO2 emission mitigation constraints in the power sector planning in Indonesia are examined using a long term integrated resource planning model. An approach is developed to assess the contributions of supply- and demand-side effects to the changes in CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions from the power sector due to constraints on CO2 emissions. The results show that while both supply- and demand-side effects would act towards the reduction of CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions, the supply-side options would play the dominant role in emission mitigations from the power sector in Indonesia. The CO2 abatement cost would increase from US

SO2 emission intensities of the power sector in Asia: Effects of generation-mix and fuel-intensity changes

7.8 to US