Rameshwar Singh

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Growth Performance of Crossbred Calves

Abstract Panda, A.K., Singh, R. and Pathak, N.N. 1995. Effect of dietary inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance of crossbred calves. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 7: 195–200. Effect of dietary inclusion of yeast cell suspension (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITCCF 2094) on intake, growth performance and nutrient utilisation was evaluated in 12 one day old crossbred calves divided in two groups, control and experimental on the basis of body weight. All the calves were fed whole milk as per schedule up to 9 weeks, while calf starter and green berseem were offered ad libitum from 2nd week onwards till 13 weeks of age. The yeast cell suspension was fed to calves in the experimental group @ 5 x 109 cfu/hd/d. The average daily liveweight gain and CP digestibility were significantly higher (P<0.01) and feed: gain ratio was significantly better (P<0.05) in the yeast fed group. It is concluded that feeding yeast cell suspension improves weight gain and feed efficiency in young calves.

Fermentation of cattle waste for animal feeding

Abstract Cattle waste was mixed with green maize and wheat bhoosa in the ratio of 2:2:1 respectively, on a fresh weight basis. The premix was enriched with urea (0, 0·5 and 1%) and molasses (0, 1 and 2%) prior to ensiling in miniature silos. The urea adversely affected the wastelage characteristics, while molasses had a beneficial effect on the fermentation process. For nutritional studies, the wastelage was prepared in stainless steel tower silos. Cattle waste, green oat and wheat bhoosa (2:2:1) were enriched with urea (0·5%) and molasses (5%). After fermentation for 2 months the wastelage was fed to sheep by replacing oat hay at three levels—0, 50 and 100%. The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, cell contents, hemicellulose and soluble ash decreased with increasing levels of wastelage in the diet. The nitrogen balance was found to be reduced with increased level of wastelage in the ration.

Ensiling of cattle waste and wheat straw with or without green maize

Abstract The effect of addition of green maize on the fermentation pattern when ensiling cattle waste with wheat straw and molasses was studied. The wastelage characteristics were not greatly affected by the addition of green maize. The premix could also be packed in the silo easily and compactly if the green maize was excluded from it.

Effect of wilting and the additives, straw, molasses and urea on the fermentation pattern of maize silage

Kamra, D.N., Singh, R., Jakhmola, R.C. and Srivastava, R.V.N., 1983. Effect of wilting and the additives, straw, molasses and urea on the fermentation pattern of maize silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 9: 185--196. The process of ensiling was studied in fresh maize (15% dry matter (DM)), wilted maize (18 and 24% DM) and maize mixed with 5--20% of wheat straw (18, 25 and 29% DM). Silages with 24% DM were preserved better than those with lower dry matter content. There was a significant change, with time, in pH, titrable acidity, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, number of lactic acid bacteria, volatile nitrogen and soluble sugars in all the treatments. There was a significant decline in volatile fatty acids (P<0.05) and ammonia (P<0.01) production, and a significant increase in soluble sugar (P<0.01) in silages made after wilting. A significant decline in titrable acidity (P<0.01), volatile fatty acid production (p<0.05) and ammonia nitrogen (P<0.01), and a significant increase in pH (P<0.01) were found in silages of maize mixed with wheat straw. The overall rate of fermentation decreased during the first few days of fermentation in wilted and wheat straw silages, but the final products had characteristics of a good silage. In the second experiment the effect of urea and molasses was studied on wheat straw plus maize (15:85) silage with an initial DM content of 31--34%. Three levels of molasses (0, 3 and 6% of fresh weight) and two levels of urea (0 and 0.5% of fresh weight) were studied. Urea treatment with 3% molasses was found to be the best on the basis of silage characteristics.

Ensiling of leguminous green forages in combination with different dry roughages and molasses

Ensiling of combinations of leguminous green forage and dry roughage has been studied in laboratory silos (capacity 1 l). In Experiment 1, the effect of addition of molasses at different levels (0, 5 and 10% on a fresh basis) has been studied on a combination of green berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and wheat straw (80:20 on a fresh basis). There was a significant decrease (P<0.01) in pH, ammonia-N, total volatile fatty acids, dry matter disappearance and number of coliform bacteria, and a significant increase (P<0.01) in titratable acidity and lactic acid on the addition of 5% molasses. Population of lactic acid bacteria and total plate count did not vary significantly in any of the treatments. However, there was no significant difference in the quality of silage at the 5 and 10% levels of molasses or at 40 and 80 days of fermentation. In Experiment 2, three different roughages, i.e. wheat straw, paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse, were ensiled in combination with green cowpea (Vigna sinensis) and molasses (30:65:5 on a fresh basis). A low pH (<4.5) was obtained with all the three combinations. However, titratable acidity and lactic acid production was minimum in silage containing sugarcane bagasse. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of paddy straw and wheat straw containing mixtures increased on ensiling by 3.6 and 6.0%, respectively, while there was no change in IVDMD of the mixture containing sugarcane bagasse.

Survival of strongyle nematode eggs and larvae in wastelage and fermented liquid dung

Wastelage and fermented liquid dung (FLD) were inoculated with strongyle eggs or L3 larvae at 500 eggs or larvae g−1 of premix. Complete destruction of eggs and larvae was detected after 20 days of wastelage fermentation. FLD was inoculated only with L3 larvae and these were destroyed within 24 h of fermentation.

Effect of addition of molasses and lactic culture on the fermentation pattern of buffalo dung

Abstract The effect of the addition of molasses—and inoculation with a mixed lactic culture and Dahi culture—on the fermentation pattern of buffalo dung wastelage was studied. The rate of fermentation increased with the addition of molasses. On addition of mixed lactic culture, the fall in pH was maximum and the lactic acid/total VFA ratio was highest. Coliform bacteria could not be detected in wastelage prepared with mixed lactic inoculum and Dahi cultures and Clostridial growth was restricted. The wastelages from lactic and Dahi cultures showed equally good aerobic stability after 20 and 40 days of fermentation.

Biological Transmissibility of Buffalopox Virus

Abstract Singh, M., Bhat, P.P., Mishra, B.P. and Singh, R.K. 1996. Biological transmissibility of buffalopox virus. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 9: 79–88. The biological transmissibility of buffalopox virus (BPV) was studied in a number of different animal species. Animal infectivity experiments revealed a wide biological host-range for buffalopox virus which was transmissible experimentally to buffaloes, cows, rabbits, guinea-pigs and suckling mice (BALB/C and Swiss-white mice strains). Sheep, goat, fowl and adult mice (BALB/C and Swiss-white strains) were found refractory to buffalopox infection. Experimental transmission is being reported for the first time in cow-calves and BALB/C mice.

Influence of additives on fermentation of quail dropping wastelage inoculated with lactic acid-producing bacteria

Abstract Quail droppings were fermented anaerobically with wheat straw, wheat bran and sugarcane molasses in different combinations at premix dry matter between 34 and 44%. The premix was inoculated with 3% inoculum of lactic acid-producing bacteria ( Lactobacillus lactis, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus lactis and S. thermophilus ) in skim milk. With droppings plus straw and either wheat bran (25% of fresh weight) or molasses (10% of fresh weight) the fermented product (wastelage) had all the characteristics of a good quality silage. The pH dropped to 4·5 accompanied with lactic acid production. With molasses, the numbers of clostridia and coliform bacteria were significantly lower than in the premix or wastelage without molasses.

Buffalo dung wastelage as sole or partial source of nutrients to sheep

Abstract Wheat straw, dung and molasses were mixed in a 2:7:1 ratio and the mixture was enriched with urea (500 g per 100 kg of mixture) prior to ensiling. Two wastelages using dung from either adult male buffaloes fed at maintenance (concentrate to roughage ratio, 1:4) or growing male buffalo calves receiving a high concentrate diet (concentrate to roughage ratio, 1:1), were prepared and fed in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Three levels of concentrate —0, 200 and 400 g in experiment 1 and 0 100 and 200 g in experiment 2—were fed, in addition to wastelages, to sheep, in a 3 × 3 latin square design. The wastelage prepared from poor quality dung (PD-wastelage) contained lower crude protein and cell contents and higher organic matter, NDF, ADF and cellulose than the wastelage prepared from higher quality dung (GD-wastelage). The intake and digestibilities of dry matter and other organic constituents increased with the increasing level of supplementation to the PD-wastelage ration. Ligno-silica intake was, however, reduced with the level of supplementation. PD-wastelage without any supplementation supplied only 36% and 34% of DE and DCP requirements. In experiment 2, the nutrient intake and digestibilities increased with 100 g of concentrate feeding. Further increases in intake or digestibilities were non-significant after increasing the level of supplementation to 200 g. As sole ration GD-wastelage met total DCP requirement for maintenance but met only about 57% of DE requirement. In both experiments, nitrogen retention increased with increasing level of supplementation.