Ramón L. Espinel

A systematic review on the contributions of edible plant and animal biodiversity to human diets.

The sustainable use of natural and agricultural biodiversity in the diet can be instrumental to preserve existing food biodiversity, address malnutrition, and mitigate adverse effects of dietary changes worldwide. This systematic review of literature summarizes the current evidence on the contribution of plant and animal biodiversity to human diets in terms of energy intake, micronutrient intake, and dietary diversification. Peer-reviewed studies were searched in ten databases using pre-defined search terms. Only original studies assessing food biodiversity and dietary intake were included, resulting in a total of 34 studies. 7, 14, and 17 studies reported information in relation to energy intake, micronutrient intake, and dietary diversification, respectively. In general, locally available foods were found to be important sources of energy, micronutrients, and dietary diversification in the diet of particularly rural and forest communities of highly biodiverse ecosystems. The current evidence shows local food biodiversity as important contributor of nutritious diets. Findings are, however, limited to populations living in highly biodiverse areas. Research on the contribution of biodiversity in diets of industrialized and urban settings needs more attention. Instruments are needed that would more appropriately measure the dietary contribution of local biodiversity.

Tropicalizing Sustainable Bioeconomy: Initial Lessons from Ecuador

Sustainable bioeconomy is being revised in tropical megabiodiverse developing countries. Given competing economic interests and development inequities, biodiversity may require becoming a strategic and central resource in national economies to ensure political feasibility of bioeconomic models. This paper attempts to address the need to document alternative approaches to transition to sustainable bioeconomy in the context of extractive economies in tropical and megabiodiverse developing countries. Using a case study approach, it reviews the Ecuadorian experience to developing a bio-industry value chain as an institutional arrangement that can enable a more efficient and integrated use of biological resources towards a sustainable and resilient economy, while addressing structural development and biodiversity protection challenges. Knowledge generated from this research can assist policymakers working on optimal design of instruments aiming at unraveling the full potential for biodiversity as a key resource in development strategies of tropical megabiodiverse countries.