Ramsin Y. Eyvazzadeh

Planning and Interpreting NMR Fluid-Characterization Logs

This paper presents a logical approach to ensure successful nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging for fluidcharacterization purposes. Numerous examples are shown in a three-stage process consisting of a) planning, b) processing and interpretation, and c) validation and integration. First, modeling is performed to assess the NMR contrast, using any available information concerning anticipated fluid types. Knowledge of downhole conditions also allows the estimation of the NMR signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from which the sensitivity and statistical error can be evaluated. The outcome of the planning process is a suite of NMR pulse sequences that optimizes resolution of the different fluids and minimizes error with the shortest possible acquisition time. Interpreting fluid-characterization NMR logs is relatively straightforward when the fluids have large NMR contrast and obey the standard correlations. However, dissolved gas, wettability variations, internal field gradients, and restricted diffusion can cause deviations from model behavior and have significant effects on NMR relaxation data. These effects need to be recognized and accounted for. To gain insights into the NMR-based fluid evaluation process, we have developed a model-independent technique that gives various sets of D-T1-T2 maps. The maps are analogous to the crossplots commonly used in log interpretation practices and are indispensable in the interpretation of the data. We also explain quantitative interpretation techniques from D-T2 maps. Integrating NMR fluid-characterization results with other information and openhole logs constitutes the final step. As with any technique, results need to be crosschecked with other log data for consistency. The answer gives a water saturation that can be verified with other tools and techniques such as the dielectric log, resistivity logs, and the density magnetic resonance technique method.

Expanding the Operating Envelope of Carbon/Oxygen Saturation Monitoring Technology

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