Rana Asif Rehman

NDN-CRAHNs: Named Data Networking for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Named data networking (NDN) is a newly proposed paradigm for future Internet, in which communication among nodes is based on data names, decoupling from their locations. In dynamic and self-organized cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), it is difficult to maintain end-to-end connectivity between ad hoc nodes especially in the presence of licensed users and intermittent wireless channels. Moreover, IP-based CRAHNs have several issues like scalability, inefficient-mapping, poor resource utilization, and location dependence. By leveraging the advantages of NDN, in this paper, we propose a new cross layer fine-grained architecture called named data networking for cognitive radio ad hoc networks (NDN-CRAHNs). The proposed architecture provides distinct features such as in-networking caching, security, scalability, and multipath routing. The performances of the proposed scheme are evaluated comparing to IP-based scheme in terms of average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is effective in terms of average contents download time and packet delivery ratios comparing to conventional cognitive radio ad hoc networks.

Efficient delay and energy based routing in cognitive radio ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) are multi-hop, dynamic and self-configurable networks, which can communicate without any infrastructure support. Most of the research in CRAHNs has been already carried out on physical and media access control layers, but without effective routing protocols we cannot take full advantage of CRAHNs. In this paper, we discuss the problems in already proposed routing protocols for cognitive radio networks and proposed a novel protocol: Delay and Energy based Spectrum Aware Routing Protocol (DESAR), which consider both delay and energy for the computation of efficient path between source and destination. Simulation results show that DESAR protocol performs better than existing protocol in term of end-to-end delay.

Content Centric Networking Approach in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Content Centric Networks (CCN) is recently proposed scheme for next generation Internet communication in which nodes do not need to communicate based on locations information instead they used contents names. In cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), nodes have dynamic network situation due to intermittent channels conditions as well as the presence of primary users activities. Based on IP-based communication approach, it is hard to maintain end-to-end connections among cognitive radio (CR) nodes in CRAHNs. In this paper, by leveraging the benefits of CCN, we propose a new cross layer architecture, named content centric networking for cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CCN-CRAHNs). Proposed scheme is evaluated by using simulation which shows the advantages of CCN-CRAHNs as compare to IP-based CRAHNs in term of average end-to-end delay in cognitive environment.

L2ER: Low-Latency and Energy-Based Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) are active, self-organized, and dynamic networks, in which cognitive users can communicate with each other in an ad hoc fashion. Various delay and energy-based routing protocols have been proposed for CRAHNs. However, these protocols do not consider the delay and node energy in the routing process, which can significantly affect performance. Delay and node energy are important factors in ad hoc networks in which devices have limited power. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, named low-latency and energy-based routing (L2ER) protocol; it considers both delay and energy for the routing decisions in CRAHNs. The performances of the proposed protocol are evaluated comparing to two other protocols in terms of average throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than the existing protocols in many aspects.

Packet Flooding Mitigation in CCN-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks for Smart Cities

Content centric network (CCN) is a robust and uncomplicated communication paradigm. It introduces built-in features, such as data authenticity, in-networking caching, mobility, flow balance methods, and multi-cast data delivery. Data packet flooding is a hot research issue due to the broadcast nature of the CCN-based wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). To mitigate this problem, in this paper, we have proposed a novel protocol, named packet diffusion-limited protocol for CCN-based WMSNs for smart cities. Extensive evaluation of the proposed protocol is performed by using ndnSIM that is based on NS-3 simulator. Simulation results show that proposed protocol not only limits flooding of Data packets as well as speeds up content download time by using a shortest path.

OEFS: On-Demand Energy-Based Forwarding Strategy for Named Data Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

The futuristic Internet paradigm, named data networking (NDN), was recently introduced to solve the severe issues of current Internet architecture, such as complex usage, poor resource utilization, inefficient mapping, scalability, location dependence, and so on. Communication in NDN is based on content names decoupling from their locations. NDN also provides strong built-in functionalities, like multi-path routing, security primitives, flow balance mechanisms, and in-networking caching. Similarly, NDN-based mobile ad hoc networks are highly dynamic in nature whereby the participating nodes have experienced highly challengeable environments and constraints, such as channel fluctuations, intermittent connectivity, and low battery power. In this environment, if a node has limited residual energy, after sending a few packets, it will die soon. Furthermore, all of its pending request entries are also destroyed, which further exacerbates the communication process. To cope with this problem, we have proposed a novel protocol called the on-demand energy-based forwarding strategy (OEFS) that takes the residual energies of the nodes into account during the entire communication process. For the performance evaluations, we have used NDNSIM, which is specially designed for NDN-based networks. The simulation results show that the our OEFS outperform the existing state-of-the-art protocol in terms of content download time, interest retransmissions, the total number of Interest propagation, and data redundancy in the network. We also find the effect of OEFS on the energy threshold and show that OEFS enables mobile nodes to consume less amount of energy.

LOMCF: Forwarding and Caching in Named Data Networking Based MANETs

Named data networking (NDN) resolves traditional transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)-based Internet problems (i.e., location dependent, complex usage, scalability, poor resource utilization, etc.) and is considered as an eligible candidate for futuristic Internet paradigm. In NDN-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the participating nodes are operated in highly dynamic and challengeable environment such as low battery power, channel fluctuations, intermittent connectivity, etc. Due to the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, the NDN-based MANETs highlight severe issues (e.g., packet collisions, flooding, data redundancy, and packet retransmissions), which further degrade network performance. In this paper, to cope with these problems, we have proposed a novel protocol, named location-aware on-demand multipath caching and forwarding for NDN-based MANETs. Performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated by using a simulator called ndnSIM. Extensive experiments along their results show that proposed protocol performs better as compared with the other recent proposed protocols in terms of content retrieval time, Interest retransmissions, and the total number of Interest packets injected, as well as discarded, in the network.

Robust and efficient multipath Interest forwarding for NDN-based MANETs

Named data networking (NDN) paradigm solves various issues of current TCP/IP based Internet and considers as a good candidate for future Internet architecture. It has a simple communication mechanism based on named contents instead of their physical locations. In NDN-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the participating nodes have limited resources. Interest message flooding is a key research issue in this area. Due to Interest message flooding, the participant nodes frequently take part in the forwarding process and die earlier because of limited remaining energy. In this study, by leverages the benefits of NDN paradigm, we have proposed a new scheme, named robust and efficient multipath Interest forwarding (REMIF) for NDN-based MANETs. Performance of the proposed REMIF scheme is investigated by using ndnSIM. The results show that proposed scheme performs better in terms of content download time and the total number of Interest messages injected in the network.

Services and Security Threats in SDN Based VANETs: A Survey

As the number of vehicles is increasing, the number of road side accidents is also increasing rapidly. The majority of these accidents is caused by the negligence of the driver. For intelligent transportation services, new protocols and architecture are continuously being developed by researchers around the globe. Thus to ensure the safety of drivers many countries are now adopting and investing a lot on vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). On the other perspective, there are many issues related to this field that must be resolved before VANET technology is practically adopted. In the case of no or low-security, several attacks can occur that may affect the efficiency and the reliability of the system. To make VANET systems more efficient software defined networking (SDN) technology is introduced in it. This technique was shortly named as SDN-based VANET. SDN-based VANET system helps us to get rid of the restriction and the challenges that are present in the simple VANET systems. It helps us to decrease the overall load on the network by managing the overall network through a single remote controller. In this survey paper, we will elaborate the concept of SDN-based VANET, its working, applications, services, security threats, and benefits over the previous techniques.