Ranjit Kumar Das

Predictive factors for residual tumor and tumor upstaging on relook transurethral resection of bladder tumor in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Context: Relook transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) improves the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of primary TURBT. However, it is still not established as to which category of patients would benefit most from this repeat invasive procedure. Aims: This prospective interventional study was designed to identify the category of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer who may benefit from a routine relook procedure. Setting and Design: A total of 52 consecutive patients with biopsy proven non muscle invasive bladder cancer on primary TURBT underwent a relook TURBT between March 2011 and September 2012. Materials and Methods: The incidence of residual tumor and tumor upstaging on relook procedure was correlated with various histopathological (stage, grade, CIS, presence of muscle) and cystoscopic (type and focality of tumor, any apparent field change) parameters on primary TURBT. Results: Out of the total 52 patients, 23 (44.2%) had a residual tumor on relook TURBT. 12 (23.1%) were upstaged (of these 9 i.e. 17.3% to muscle invasion). While most of the parameters studied showed a positive correlation with incidence of residual tumor and upstaging to muscle invasion, statistical significance (for both) was reached only for tumor stage (P = 0.028 and 0.010), tumor grade (P = 0.010 and 0.002) and tumor type (solid vs. papillary; P = 0.007 and 0.001). Carcinoma in situ showed a significant correlation with incidence of residual tumor (P = 0.016) while the absence of muscle in the primary TURBT specimen was significantly associated with upstaging to muscle invasive disease (P = 0.018). Statistical Analysis: The data was analyzed using SPSS software v. 16.0. Conclusions: Relook TURBT may be especially recommended for high grade and T1 tumors and tumors with a solid/sessile appearance on primary TURBT especially when deep muscle was absent in the primary TURBT specimen.

Secondary signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder from a gastric primary.

Primary bladder tumor is a frequent urological malignancy, whereas the incidence of secondary bladder tumor from a distant organ is quite rare. Secondary bladder neoplasms represent 1% of all malignant bladder tumors, of which distant metastases from stomach account for about 4% of cases. We present the case of a 30-year-old male who underwent partial gastrectomy for Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach and presented 2 years later with hematuria. On computerized tomography scan, a bladder tumor was found which was resected cystoscopically. The histopathological examination revealed secondary Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Bilateral Single Ectopic Ureters Draining Into a Grossly Dilated Vagina in an Adolescent Female

A 16-year-old female presented with dribbling of urine along with voluntary voiding since birth. Renal imaging revealed hydroureteronephrosis on the right side; the uterus and ovary were normal. A radionuclide scan showed a left nonfunctional kidney. On cystovaginoscopy, the urethra was shown to be normal and the urinary bladder was tubular with small capacity and an absent trigone. Although the vagina was capacious, no ureteric orifices were found. Computed tomography corroborated the diagnosis of bilateral, single ectopic ureters draining into a grossly dilated vagina. This case is unique because it is a bilateral single-system ureteral ectopia in a completely differentiated female genital tract that presented late in adolescence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second such ureteral abnormality reported in the literature so far. The patient underwent ileocystoplasty with right ureteric reimplantation and nephroureterectomy for the left nonfunctional kidney, which histopathology showed to be tuberculosis. The patient is continent with cystometric capacity of more than 300 mL.

Association and prognostic value of serum Cystatin C, IL-18 and Uric acid in urological patients with acute kidney injury

PURPOSE To assess the role of serum Cystatin C, IL-18 and Uric acid in acute kidney injury (AKI) in urological patients, along with their prognostic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective observational study included 61 cases, admitted in urology ward with baseline serum creatinine ≤1.5 mg/dL. All patients had at least one or more predisposing factors for AKI. Daily urine output and creatinine level were checked. Serum levels of biomarkers were measured at baseline and postoperatively after 24 h. Development of AKI and its outcome were analysed. RESULTS Thirty nine patients (63.9%) developed AKI in the study. Patients with AKI were found to have a greater percentage rise of Cystatin C (118.7% v/s 81.8%, p = 0.005), IL-18 (59.0% v/s 25.5%, p = 0.004) and Uric acid (34.3% v/s 19.2%, p = 0.008) after 24 h. Absolute Uric acid level at day 1 was also significantly associated with AKI (5.18 ± 0.91 v/s 4.45 ± 0.86, p = 0.003). Risk stratification of AKI was poor for all biomarkers. Area under curve for Cystatin C, IL-18 and Uric acid was 0.715, 0.696 and 0.734 respectively. Renal function after 3 months, had a positive correlation with baseline creatinine and baseline Cystatin C levels (r = 0.56 & 0.39). CONCLUSIONS Postoperative serum Cystatin C, IL-18 and Uric acid after 24 h were significantly associated with AKI. Baseline Cystatin C had moderate capability to predict short term renal function.

Adult Idiopathic Renal Vein Thrombosis Mimicking Acute Pyelonephritis

Renal Vein Thrombosis (RVT) is a rarely encountered condition. It occurs due to a hypercoagulable state in the body, caused by nephrotic syndrome and membranous nephropathy in the adults. Mode of presentation is variable. In chronic form, it may remain silent for a long time and presenting later with symptoms of pedal oedema, varicocele, proteinuria. In acute state, it manifests as flank pain, nausea or haematuria. We present a case of 25-year-old male, with left sided flank pain, haematuria and nausea for 4 days. Ultrasound showed enlarged kidney with altered echogenecity. No calculus was found on x-ray. Empirical antibiotics were started considering possibility of Acute Pyelonephritis (APN). With no improvement seen after 3 days along with no growth on urine culture, CT-urography was done. It revealed enlarged non-excreting left kidney with thrombus seen over left renal vein extending into Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). Immediate anticoagulant therapy was started. Patients recovered gradually and after 6 months, follow-up CT showed disappearance of thrombosis. Anticoagulants were withdrawn gradually. So we highlight the possibility of RVT as a differential diagnosis to APN or renal colic and its evaluation and management.