Raoni Aquino Silva de Santana

Observing and Modeling the Vertical Wind Profile at Multiple Sites in and above the Amazon Rain Forest Canopy

We analyzed the vertical wind profile measured at six experimental tower sites in dense forest in the Amazon Basin and examined how well two simple models can reproduce these observations. In general, the vertical wind profile below the canopy is strongly affected by the forest structure. From the forest floor to 0.65h (where h = 35 m is the average height of the forest canopy for sites considered), the wind profile is approximately constant with height with speeds less than 1 ms−1. Above 0.65 to 2.25h, the wind speed increases with height. Testing these data with the Yi and Souza models showed that each was able to reproduce satisfactorily the vertical wind profile for different experimental sites in the Amazon. Using the Souza Model, it was possible to use fewer input variables necessary to simulate the profile.

DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS ATMOSPHERIC PROBE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEAP STUDIES

This paper presents the development of a wireless atmospheric probe, designed to assist long-term environmental studies with limited financial resources. The work is based on the concept of Wireless Sensor Networks in which multiple sensors are arranged spatially in a particular region. Facilitating the monitoring of large areas without the need for large physical structures of communication and power, as cables and towers. The prototype, built with cheap material, captures temperature data, pressure and humidity, transmitting this information in real time to a remote receiver via radio frequency to a distance of 1 km. The prototype is also equipped with a photovoltaic system capable of guaranteeing energy independence, an essential factor for long-term studies. To evaluate the efficiency of the prototype, correlation tests were performed with a Metpak station II (Gill Instruments), to simulate the continuous operation of the sensors in situ. The tests show significant correlations between atmospheric pressure variables (98%), relative humidity (87%) and air temperature (97%). The tests ensure a good degree of reliability to the prototype; can serve as an alternative to environmental monitoring projects and Wireless Sensor Networks.

WIND AVERAGES FEATURES ABOVE AND BELOW OF THE FOREST CANOPY DURING GOAMAZON IN AN EXPERIMENTAL SITE IN THE AMAZON

The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal evolution of average characteristics of the vertical profiles of speed and direction above and within of the forest canopy at the Cuieiras experimental site, located about 100 km from the Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. We used about 10 months of half-hourly averaged data from 10 sonic anemometers installed at different levels above and within the forest canopy during GoAmazon project in 2014. We found that the vertical wind speed profile varied with the various layers above and below the forest canopy, describing an S-shape type, a form determined by physical obstructions imposed by vertical heterogeneity of the canopy. The predominant wind directions were not constant with height, suggesting that very local circulations can influence the subcanopy flow.

Índices micrometeorológicos e internações de crianças por doenças respiratórias em Santarém, Oeste do Pará.

The aim of this study was to attract associations between hospitalizations for respiratory diseases and micrometeorological index in the Santarem city, located in the West Para region in the year 2010. It was used numbers of children hospitalizations with 0-4 years old and weather data variables (relative humidity, air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure). Was calculated the Micrometeorological index, through principal component analysis, were each principal component is a linear combination of all the original variables, independent of each other and estimated in proposal to retain the maximum total variation information contained in the data; To detect the association we used generalized estimating equations that are used when you want to fit models for longitudinal data. The results suggest that the greatest number of admissions occurred in June coinciding with the transition period between the rainy and dry seasons. Statistically significant associations were observed, noting that the relative risk of 10% was captured for the increase in hospitalizations due to synergy of meteorological variables. This is expected to assist in the planning of public policies and environmental health.

EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS OF LATENT HEAT, SENSIBLE HEAT, MOMENTUM AND CO2 FLUXES ON THE RESERVOIR OF THE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT CURUÁ-UNA – PA

Flux measurements of latent heat, sensible heat, momentum, and CO2 were performed from 15 to 26 June 2015 on the reservoir of the hydroelectric plant Curua-Una (PA). The flux system is located upstream of the main channel of the reservoir and installed at 3 m above the water surface on a floating structure. The hydroelectric plant Curua-Una was the first plant built in the Amazonia and it is in operation for almost 40 years. During installation, the vegetation around the river channel was not removed, which led to large emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The wind speed was important to maintain turbulent mixing mechanically. Latent heat flux showed significant correlation with the wind velocity (r = 82%). As a result of the combined effect of turbulent mixing generated thermally and mechanically, the latent and sensible heat fluxes were positive throughout the investigation period and the atmospheric surface layer remained unstable. The CO2 flow was predominantly negative (84%), characterizing the reservoir as a CO2 sink.

ANALYSIS OF THE CO2 VERTICAL PROFILE OF IN A FOREST AREA IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

This study aimed to describe the vertical profile of CO2 concentration during least rainy period and rainy periods of 2006 , into an area of tropical forest in the Central Amazon, Brazil . It were used data of CO2, collected at various heights by a system of measures including an infrared gas analyzer (Licor 7000), in a tower with 40 meters of height. From the data collected it was observed that the concentration of CO2 decreases as one moves from the ground to the top of the canopy. This suggests that the largest source of CO2 is from the soil, due to processes such as respiration and decomposition of plant biomass. When is compared the least rainy and the most rainy periods, it is noted significant differences in the amounts of CO2 concentration in these periods. The highest concentrations were observed during least rainy period, with monthly mean values above 440 ppm near the surface.

JATOS DE BAIXOS NÍVEIS NO SUDOESTE DA AMAZÔNIA

This study presents an analysis of the occurrence of Low Level Jets (LLJs) in a grassland area in the southwestern Amazon. Using the wind vertical profile data obtained by atmospheric radiosonde, it was observed that about 60% of total analyzed profiles showed LLJs. This percentage is higher than found in several studies in the Amazon and is linked to the LLJs selection criteria used in this work. Another interesting result is the tendency of weak LLJs is associated with lower heights, whereas strong LLJs preferentially develop in greater heights. This result suggests that different mechanisms may have generated the LLJs of different intensities.

MEDIÇÕES IN SITU DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE CO2 EM UM RESERVATÓRIO TROPICAL USANDO LI-7500A E UMA BOIA METEOROLÓGICA

Medidas da concentracao do ciclo diario de CO 2 foram realizadas sobre a superficie do lago da Usina Hidreletrica de Balbina/AM. As medidas foram realizadas com analisador de gas por infravermelho da marca Licor, modelo 7500A. Os dados de concentracao de CO 2 foram analisados e comparados com dados meteorologicos de umidade relativa e precipitacaode uma boia instalada com uma estacao HOBO U-30, localizada no mesmo lago. Este estudo revela um aumento da concentracao de CO 2 no periodo noturno. ABSTRACT Measures the concentration of the daily cycle of CO2 were carried out on the surface of the lake of the Balbina Hydroelectric Plant/AM. The measurements were performed with infrared gas analyzer brand Licor, model 7500A. The CO2 concentration data were analyzed and compared with meteorological data from a buoy fitted with a HOBO U-30 station, located in the same lake. This study reveals an increase in the concentration of CO2 at night.