Raquel López-Arellano

Evaluation of Chitosan and Cellulosic Polymers as Binding Adsorbent Materials to Prevent Aflatoxin B1, Fumonisin B1, Ochratoxin, Trichothecene, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Mycotoxicoses Through an In Vitro Gastrointestinal Model for Poultry

Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites that are produced by fungi representing threats to human and animal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of Chitosan (CHI), and three cellulosic polymers (HPMC, CMC, and MCC), on six mycotoxins (AFB1; FUB1; OTA; T-2; DON; and, ZEA) using an in vitro digestive model for poultry. The adsorbent capacity of the materials in the supernatant of each compartment was evaluated by a non-competitive chemiluminescent assay. Control groups with no adsorbent material had an adsorption value of 0.00% against all six mycotoxins that were evaluated. All four materials tested showed significant (p < 0.05) binding activity against all of the mycotoxins when compared with the control non-treated group. However HPMC, CMC, and MCC showed better adsorbent capacity when compared with CHI.

Comparison of PrestoBlue((R)) and plating method to evaluate antimicrobial activity of ascorbic acid, boric acid and curcumin in an invitro gastrointestinal model

To compare the conventional plating method vs a fluorometric method using PrestoBlue® as a dye by determining the antimicrobial activity of two organic acids and curcumin (CUR) against Salmonella Enteritidis in an avian in vitro digestion model that simulates the crop, proventriculus and intestine.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fluorescence Method for the Determination of Seleno-Amino Acids in Ovine Blood Plasma

This study was performed to validate an effective high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method for the separation of seleno-amino acids and sulfur amino acids in biological samples using pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate. Standard calibration and standard addition procedures were developed, but the quantification of seleno-amino acids was carried out by a second method. The coefficient of variation for precision was < 15% and accuracies were 96 to 98%. Recoveries in the extraction method were between 63 and 99%. This method was applied to the contribution of seleno-amino acids containing methylselenocysteine and selenomethionine in plasma tissue of lambs during infusion study. The method demonstrated good selectivity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy.

Evaluation of a solid dispersion of curcumin with polyvinylpyrrolidone and boric acid against Salmonella Enteritidis infection and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens: a pilot study

In the present study, in vitro assays were conducted to evaluate the solubility of curcumin (CUR) alone or with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at different pH, as well as its permeability in Caco-2 cells. Results confirmed that the solid dispersion of CUR with PVP (CUR/PVP) at a 1:9 ratio, significantly increased (P < 0.05) solubility and permeability compared to CUR alone. Then, the antimicrobial activity of CUR/PVP, boric acid (BA), and a combination of 0.5% CUR/PVP and 0.5% BA (CUR/PVP-BA) against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) was determined using an in vitro digestion model that simulates crop, proventriculus, and intestine. The results revealed that in the proventriculus and intestinal compartments significant reductions of SE were observed in all the experimental treatments, but 1% BA eliminated SE in the intestinal compartment and CUR/PVP-BA showed a synergistic effect on antimicrobial activity against SE. To complement these findings, two independent in vivo trials were conducted to determine the effect of 0.1% CUR/PVP; 0.1% BA; or the combination of 0.05% CUR/PVP (1:9 ratio) and 0.05% BA (CUR/PVP-BA) on the antimicrobial activity against SE, intestinal permeability and inflammatory responses in broiler chickens. BA at 0.1% had no significant in vivo effects against SE. However, the combination of 0.05% BA and 0.05% CUR/PVP and 0.05% BA was sufficient to reduce crop and intestinal SE colonization in broiler chickens in two independent trials, confirming the synergic effect between them. A similar antimicrobial impact against SE intestinal colonization was observed in chickens treated with 0.1% CUR/PVP at a 1:9 ratio, which could be due to the increase in solubility of CUR by PVP. Furthermore, 0.1% CUR/PVP reduced the intestinal permeability of FITC-d and total intestinal IgA, as well as increase the activity of SOD when compared to control, while, CUR/PVP-BA only decreased SOD activity. Further studies to confirm and expand the in vivo results obtained in this pilot study, adding intestinal microbial commensal groups and more inflammatory biomarkers to get a complete description of the effects of BA and CUR deserves further investigation.

In vitro effect of the hydroalcoholic and ethanolic extracts of papaya seeds (Carica papaya) against Haemonchus contortus

espanolEntre los principales problemas sanitarios para la produccion ovina estan los parasitos gastroentericos; de ellos, el mas importante es Haemonchus contortus. Las estrategias actuales de control enfocan la eficacia, junto con el bajo o nulo impacto al ecosistema; el estudio del control integral de parasitos permite la investigacion de alternativas con probable efecto antihelmintico, entre ellas el uso de semilla de papaya (Carica papaya). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto in vitro de los extractos hidroalcoholico y etanolico de la semilla de papaya (C. papaya) sobre huevos y larvas de H. contortus. El trabajo se llevo a cabo con el equipo e instalaciones del Laboratorio 3 de la Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria en la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, UNAM. Se elaboraron los extractos por medio de maceracion en solvente. Se inoculo un ovino con 5000 larvas de tercer estadio (L3) de H. contortus, cepa aislada y mantenida en dichas instalaciones. Se tomaron muestras de materia fecal y se recuperaron huevos para el ensayo de inhibicion de la eclosion. Los huevos y las L3 fueron pretratados con extracto hidroalcoholico y etanolico de semilla de papaya (2.5 mg/ml), agua destilada, etanol 90 % y levamisol (7.5 mg/ml). Se efectuo la tecnica de explantes abomasales, evaluando el efecto de los extractos sobre las L3 y su asociacion a la mucosa abomasal. Se realizo un ANOVA para muestras repetidas por medio del programa Statgraphics. El extracto etanolico de semilla de papaya mostro el 92 % de inhibicion de la eclosion; el extracto hidroalcoholico mostro 50 % (p EnglishAmong the main health problems for sheep production are gastrointestinal parasites, of which the most important nematode is Haemonchus contortus. Current control strategies focus on the effectiveness, along with the low impact on the ecosystem. The study of the integral control of parasites allows the investigation of alternatives with probable anthelmintic effect, such as the use of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds. This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro effect of hydroalcoholic and ethanolic extracts of papaya seeds on eggs and larvae of H. contortus. The study was carried out with the equipment and facilities of Laboratory 3 of the Multidisciplinary Research Unit at the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, UNAM. The extracts were prepared through maceration in solvent. A sheep was inoculated with 5000 L3 of H. contortus, a strain isolated and maintained in the facilities. Fecal samples were collected, and eggs were recovered for the hatch inhibition assay. The eggs and L3 were pretreated with hydroalcoholic and ethanolic extract of papaya seed (2.5 mg/ml), distilled water, ethanol 90 %, and levamisole (7.5 mg/ml). The abomasal explants technique was used to evaluate the effect of the extracts on L3 and its association to the abomasal mucosa. An ANOVA was performed for repeated samples using the Statgraphics program. The ethanolic extract of the papaya seed inhibited 92 % of hatching, and the hydroalcoholic extract 50 % (p

Therapeutic Applications of Sonophoresis and Sonophoretic Devices

The use of ultrasound for the delivery of drugs through the skin is commonly known as sonophoresis. The use of therapeutics and high frequencies of ultrasound for sonophoresis dates back to the 1950s, while low-frequency sonophoresis has only been investigated considerably during the past two decades. The use of ultrasound in therapeutics and drug delivery has gained significance in recent years; this is evident by the augment in patents filed and new commercial devices launched.

Effect evaluation of artemrsinins from ethanolic extract of Artemisia cina against L3 of Haemonchus contortus on a abomasal explants technique

The new approach of integrated nematode control has driven to look for other alternatives that consider steadily and sustainable the environment. The aim of the present study was to obtain different ethanolic fracctions from Artemisia cina plant, using artemisinins, and to evaluate the nematicide association capacity effect with infective larvae (L3) and abomasal explant. The artemisinins from A. cina were obtained by thin layer chromatography and were evaluated on unsheathed L3 of Haemonchus contortus. The abomasal technique explants were performed for triplicate and compared as follows: three control with levamisole (7.5 mg/ml), commercial artemisinin (1 mg/ml), and distillate water, and six A. cina fracctions at 1 mg/ml each one: Ac3k, Ac3b, Ac3a, Ac3h, Ac3i and Ac4b. No significant differences between fractions of A. cina and commercial artemisinin (p>0.05) were obtained. These findings led us to conclude that there was no association capacity effect of fractions of A. cina on unsheathed L3 of H. contortus, to the abomasal tissue. It is important to continue with more studies to determine the parasitic phase in which the artemisinin viability is susceptible to be affected.El nuevo enfoque de control integrado de parasitos obliga a buscar alternativas que consideren el medioambiente, es decir, sostenibles y sustentables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue fraccionar el extracto etanolico de la planta Artemisia cina, obtener artemisininas y conocer el efecto de estas sobre la capacidad de asociacion de las L3 de Haemonchus contortus en explantes abomasales. El extracto etanolico se fracciono por medio de la metodologia establecida para Artemisia japonica, y se identificaron las artemisininas por medio de cromatografia en capa fina, teniendo como referencia artemisininas comerciales. Las artemisininas se utilizaron sobre L3 desenvainada, se realizo la tecnica de explantes abomasales por triplicado y se compararon asi: levamisol (7.5 mg/ml), artemisinina comercial (1 mg/ml), agua y seis diferentes fracciones de A. cina a dosis de 1 mg/ml: Ac3k, Ac3b, Ac3a, Ac3h, Ac3i, Ac4b. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre las fracciones de A. cina y artemisinina comercial (p>0.05). Se concluye que no existio efecto de las artemisininas obtenidas del extracto etanolico de A. cina sobre la capacidad de asociacion de las L3 de H. contortus al tejido abomasal. Es importante continuar con mas estudios de la artemisinina para determinar sobre que fase del parasito afecta su viabilidad.

Pathophysiological response to experimental oral overdose of different forms of selenium in lambs

Abstract Twelve male lambs (30.5±2.1 kg) with cannulas in the rumen were divided into three groups to evaluate the accidental toxicity of selenium (Se) via digestive tract. The first group received intraruminal bolus without a Se source; the second group received intraruminal bolus with sodium selenite (SS: Na2SeO3); the third group received intraruminal bolus with barium selenate (BS: BaSeO4). The ruminal boluses were immediately degraded by a manufacturing defect, releasing an amount of 366 mg Se via rumen. All lambs had tachypnea (80 cycles per minute), a metallic smell in the oral cavity and laminitis foot. Analyses of necropsy and histopathology showed frequencies of lesions in the myocardium and skeletal muscle, lesions in the myocardium were more common in lambs intoxicated with SS or BS than the control group (P<0.05); the tissues were swollen and there were hyaline fibres (Zenker degeneration), as well as fragments and proliferation of the nuclei with necrosis. Se concentration in lambs intoxicated with SS and BS were: myocardium: 0.389 and 0.332; skeletal muscle: 0.583 and 0.492; and kidney: 2.871 and 2.841 μg/g fresh tissue, respectively. The Se concentration in blood increased over 2.5 times in the intoxicated lambs with both sources of Se (0.14 vs. 0.36 μg/mL) from baseline to the 22 days of sampling. There was a lower correlation (r=0.46) in SS intoxication group than the control and BS group (r≥0.93). As a conclusion, high dosages of 366 mg Se or 12 mg Se/kg BW in an accidental dosage did not cause a severe mortality but all lambs immediately showed reduced feed intake, metallic smell exhalation and depression.