Raul Fernandes Dantas Sales

Feeding Habits and Predator-Prey Size Relationships in the Whiptail Lizard Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Teiidae) in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

ABSTRACT. We studied the diet of the whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Spix, 1825) and the relationships between predator size and prey size in a Caatinga area of northeastern Brazil. Lizards (N = 111) were collected during the day through active search. In the laboratory, we measured them and registered the number of ingested items of each prey category to Order, as well as the dimensions and frequencies of each. The main prey category in the C. ocellifer diet was insect larvae and pupae, followed by Orthoptera, Isoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. Termites (Isoptera) were important only in numeric terms, having negligible volumetric contribution and low frequency of occurrence, an uncommon feature among whiptail lizards. The types and sizes of prey consumed by adult males and females were similar, despite sexual dimorphism in head size. Adults and juveniles ingested similar prey types, but differed in prey size. Maximum and minimum prey sizes were positively correlated with lizard body size, suggesting that in this population individuals experience an ontogenetic change in diet, eating larger prey items while growing, and at the same time excluding smaller ones.

Ecology and diversity of a lizard community in the semiarid region of Brazil

Composition, species diversity and resource usage in terms of space and time were evaluated for the lizard community of the Ecological Station of the Serido (ESEC Serido), Rio Grande do Norte. An observation area of 150 m × 150 m (2.25 ha) was delimited and surveyed monthly in alternate turns (morning, afternoon and night) for three consecutive days from April to October 2011, covering dry and rainy seasons. Fourteen species belonging to eight families were recorded, being Tropidurus semitaeniatus the most abundant. Seasonality influenced species richness and abundance. Regarding habitat usage, Lygodactylus klugei was the most generalist species, whilePhyllopezus periosus, P. pollicaris and T. semitaeniatus were specialists, showing affinity for rocky formations. About microhabitat usage, the most generalist species was T. hispidus and the most specialized wasL. klugei . Ten of the recorded species have diurnal habits and four are nocturnal. The space and time usage profiles of the dominant species corroborated data obtained in previous autoecological studies conducted in the same area and suggest a pattern of resource usage by these species in the ESEC Serido.

Mating behavior and female accompaniment in the whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Squamata, Teiidae) in the Caatinga region of northeastern Brazil

We report here a set of observations on mating behavior and female accompaniment by the whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus ocellifer in an area of Caatinga (xerophilous open forests) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. We observed a stationary male lizard performing repeated vibratory movements of the pelvis and tail base upon the sandy soil. Since that male was in front of a burrow in which a female of the same species was sheltered, we hypothesize that this behavior may be part of a courtship display. We continued the observation and later, when the female emerged from the burrow, the male climbed on her and the copulation occurred. The incident of accompaniment observed was characterized by one male continuously accompanying a female during foraging. Plausible functional explanations for a male accompany a female include mating guarding, post-copulatory courtship, and sperm loading. By accompanying females, males would be guaranteeing insemination by multiple copulation and stimulation of the female, and protecting their paternity by chasing away other males, diminishing the chances of extra-pair copulations.

Diet and Foraging Behavior of Ameivula ocellifera (Squamata: Teiidae) in the Brazilian Semiarid Caatinga

Abstract This study investigated the influence of seasonality on diet and foraging behavior of the whiptail lizard Ameivula (Cnemidophorus) ocellifera in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Diet composition was identified through stomach analysis of lizards collected monthly by active search during 2009 (rainy and dry seasons) and half of 2010 (rainy season). Foraging behavior was investigated during one rainy and one dry month of 2012, allowing us to determine the percent of time spent moving (PTM), number of movements per minute (MPM), and number of successful attacks on prey by lizards during foraging activity. Analysis of stomach contents showed significant seasonal differences in diet: insect larvae, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera predominated during the two rainy seasons (2009 and 2010); insect larvae, Hemiptera, Araneae, and Orthoptera predominated in the dry season. Prey movement index was lower during rainy seasons, mainly because of more insect larvae consumed during those periods. Population niche breadth was broader in the dry season, but individual niches did not differ significantly between seasons. When foraging, the average PTM was 61.1 ± 15.1%; MPM was 2.03 ± 0.30; and prey items captured/min was 0.14 ± 0.14. PTM for A. ocellifera was similar to values found for North American whiptails (Aspidoscelis), but MPM was relatively higher. Seasonal differences were observed in PTM, which were significantly higher in the rainy season. This difference may represent a behavioral adjustment in response to differences in seasonal food availability.

Feeding ecology of the pygmy gecko Coleodactylus natalensis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

We studied the feeding ecology of a population of Coleodactylus natalensis Freire, 1999, an endemic gecko of Atlantic Forest fragments in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Lizards (N = 49) were collected manually through active search in the four habitats of Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal, type locality of the species. In the laboratory, we measured the lizards and registered the number of consumed prey items identified to Order, its dimensions and frequencies. We also collected samples of leaf litter in each habitat to determine prey availability. Females were significantly larger than males, but head size did not differ between the sexes. The most important prey categories in the diet of C. natalensis based on number, volume and frequency were Isopoda and Araneae. Prey categories with highest importance indices in the diet were Isopoda, Araneae, Homoptera and Gryllidae. The diets of adult males and females were similar with respect to prey size, but differed qualitatively, mainly due to the larger trophic spectrum of females. We found some variations on trophic niche breadths and food preferences of lizards between habitats, but in general niche breadths were intermediate, and the most elected prey categories were Isopoda, Araneae, Homoptera and Thysanoptera. High electivities for Isoptera and Gryllidae occurred only in the open habitats (restinga and dunes), and for Mantodea in the forested habitats (high and low forest). Collembola was consumed in the same proportion of the environment, and Acarina and Formicidae had negative values of electivity, indicating rejection. We conclude that the population studied seems to have a selective diet, preferring relatively large prey items that are less abundant in the leaf litter, and possibly avoiding potentially toxic prey.

Geographic distribution model for Mabuya agmosticha (Squamata: Scincidae) in northeastern Brazil

The Neotropical lizard Mabuya agmosticha Rodrigues, 2000 is a habitat-specialist of thorny bromeliads in rocky outcrops of northeastern Brazil. Its distribution in the Caatinga Domain is most likely relictual. In recent years, new surveys conducted in northeastern Brazil have revealed new records of the species in the Caatinga and also in the Atlantic Forest Domain. In this study, we add four new records for M. agmosticha, extending its known geographic range in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba. In addition, we investigated the potential geographical distribution of the species using ecological niche modeling (ENM), which combines the available occurrence records with environmental variables. Our model revealed a continuous range of areas with suitable climatic conditions for the species, from the state of Rio Grande do Norte to the northeast portion of the state of Bahia, plus some relictual distribution spots, mainly in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco, Ceara and western Rio Grande do Norte. Based on the model, we suggest that the distribution of M. agmosticha is continuous on a large geographic scale. On a smaller spatial scale, however, it is clear that its distribution is clumped, reflecting its specialist habits associated with rupicolous bromeliads.

New record of Cercosaura ocellata Wagler, 1830 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in northeastern Brazil, with a distribution map for the species in South America

Herein, we provide a new record of Cercosaura ocellata Wagler, 1830 in the Atlantic Forest biome, northeastern Brazil, and a distribution map for the species in South America. The new record was in Extremoz municipality, state of Rio Grande do Norte, filling a gap in the known geographic distribution of the species between the states of Ceara and Pernambuco.

New record and geographic distribution map of Alexandresaurus camacan Rodrigues, Pellegrino, Dixo, Verdade, Pavan, Argôlo and Sites Jr., 2007 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in northeastern Brazil

We provide a new record of Alexandresaurus camacan for the state of Bahia and a distribution map for the species. Alexandresaurus was previously known from seven localities in the state of Bahia, all in the Atlantic Forest Domain. The new record is in the Serra da Jiboia, an enclave of Atlantic Forest in the Caatinga Domain.

Diet of Amphisbaena heathi Schmidt, 1936 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Remnants of the Atlantic Forest, Northeastern Brazil, with Notes on Distribution, Diagnosis and Conservation

Abstract. We analyzed the diet of Amphisbaena heathi, a species with restricted geographic distribution in northeastern Brazil. We also present data on morphometric and meristic characters of the examined specimens and update the geographic distribution of the species. The diet analysis was based on the contents of the digestive tract of 21 specimens collected in two urban Atlantic Forest fragments in Natal municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, from 2008–2010. We collected 80.1% of the specimens near the surface (depth of ca. 3–5 cm) in moist earth under the leaf litter and 19.9% underground (ca. 15 cm beneath the surface). In total, we identified 60 prey items in the digestive tracts of A. heathi. The most important prey categories were ants, insect larvae, and cockroach nymphs. Ants predominated in frequency and number, while insect larvae and cockroaches predominated in volume. Besides insects, A. heathi also consumed earthworms, leeches, and centipedes. Considering our sample (n = 34) and the type series (n = 2), we modify some diagnostic characters of A. heathi: (1) 56.5–136 mm SVL; (2) 8.9–21.8 mm tail length; (3) 182–201 body annuli; (4) 23–28 tail annuli; (5) autotomic site at 7–9th caudal annuli; (6) 11–12 dorsal segments and 18–20 ventral segments per midbody annulus. Based on the minimum convex polygon method, we estimated the extent of occurrence of the species to be approximately 4278.7 km2 in the northeast portion of Rio Grande do Norte state.

New record and update on the geographic distribution of Enyalius bilineatus Duméril & Bibron, 1837 in Brazil

Herein, we provide the first record of Enyalius bilineatus for the Caatinga region, northeastern Brazil, and an updated distribution map based on literature and museum records. We collected two specimens of E. bilineatus at Serra do Barbado, northern region of the Espinhaco mountain ridge (“Chapada Diamantina” plateau complex), Bahia, Brazil. This new record extends the known geographic distribution of E. bilineatus 716 km, 462 km, and 590 km from the closest known localities in the southwest, southeast, and south, respectively.