Raul Pacheco-Vega

Las denuncias ciudadanas sobre cumplimiento ambiental en América del Norte (1996-2012): perspectivas sobre la sociedad civil ambientalista norteamericana

A citizen complaint presented to the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (cec) of North America is a non-binding mechanism used by civil society to denounce incompliance with U.S., Canadian, and Mexican environmental legislation. Using a data base of citizens’ com plaints (1996-2012), this article offers an evaluation of the mechanism in three areas: a) perceptible influence on the three North American governments; b) performance and influence on subnational levels; and c) patterns of historic evolution.

Doubly Engaged Ethnography: Opportunities and Challenges When Working With Vulnerable Communities

Understanding the unique challenges facing vulnerable communities necessitates a scholarly approach that is profoundly embedded in the ethnographic tradition. Undertaking ethnographies of communities and populations facing huge degrees of inequality and abject poverty asks of the researcher to be able to think hard about issues of positionality (what are our multiple subjectivities as insider/outsider, knowledge holder/learner, and so on when interacting with vulnerable subjects, and how does this influence the research?), issues of engagement versus exploitation (how can we meaningfully incentivize participation in our studies without being coercive/extractive, and can we expect vulnerable subjects to become deeply in research design/data collection, and so on when they are so overburdened already?), and representation (what are the ethics of representing violence, racism, and sexism as expressed by vulnerable respondents? What about the pictures we take and the stories we tell?). Through the discussion of our research on the behavioral patterns, socialization strategies, and garbage processing methods of informal waste pickers in Argentina and Mexico, we ask ourselves, and through this exercise, seek to shed light on the broader questions of how can we engage in ethnographies of vulnerable communities while maintaining a sense of objectivity and protecting our informants? Rather than attempting to provide a definite answer, we provide a starting point for scholars of resource governance interested in using ethnographic methods for their research. We highlight the challenges we’ve faced in studying cartoneros in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and pepenadores in León (Mexico) and engage in a self-reflective discussion of what can be learned from our struggle to provide meaningful, engaged scholarship while retaining and ensuring respect and care for the communities we study.