Ravendra Kumar

Chemical composition, antioxidant and myorelaxant activity of essential oils of Globba sessiliflora Sims

The volatile constituents of the rhizomes and aerial parts of Globba sessiliflora Sims were analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major constituents identified in the rhizome oil were β-caryophyllene (20.1%), α-cadinol (14.7%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (12.0%), caryophyllene oxide (8.6%), γ-eudesmol (7.1%) and myrcene (4.7%). The oil from aerial part contained myrcene (15.8%), β-caryophyllene (12.3%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (11.0%), β-longipinene (10.9), manool (8.1%), germacrene D (5.2%) and β-eudesmol (4.1%) as major constituents. Both the oils showed significant myorelaxant effect on isolated duodenum smooth muscles of Wistar rats. The antioxidant activity of the oils were evaluated by different methods, namely reducing power assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the chelating effect on Fe2+. The oils exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner.

β-Selinene-Rich Essential Oils from the Parts of Callicarpa macrophylla and Their Antioxidant and Pharmacological Activities

Background: Callicarpa macrophylla (Varbenaceae) is a medicinal shrub and is traditionally used in India, China, and South Asia. Methods: The plant material was collected from lower Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in India. The essential oils from three different aerial parts were analyzed by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity, phenolic assay, and various pharmacological activities were determined by using existing methods which are generally practiced widely. Results: Over 51, 53, and 40 compounds were identified in C. macrophylla leaves essential oil (CMLEO), C. macrophylla pre mature seeds and fruits essential oil (CMEO-I) and C.macrophylla mature seeds and fruits essential oil (CMEO-II), respectively. These oils differ in relative contents of major compounds viz; β-selinene (37.51% in CMLEO, 44.66% in CMEO-I and 57.01% in CMEO-II), phyllocladene (9.76% in CMLEO, 5.80% in CMEO-I and 12.38% in CMEO-II), caryophelline oxide (7.34% in CMLEO, 8.74% in CMEO-I and 5.0% in CMEO-II), 9E-epi-caryophelline (6.23% in CMLEO, 1.27% in CMEO-I and 3.43% in CMEO-II), longipinocarvone (4.96% in CMLEO, 1.17% in CMEO-I and 2.0% in CMEO-II), and 1,8-cineole (2.23% in CMLEO, 3.10% in CMEO-I and 1.62% in CMEO-II). The oils exhibited good in vitro antioxidant activity. The maximum activity was found in CMEO-II with IC50 values 7.37 ± 0.11, 11.49 ± 0.87, 14.59 ± 0.18, 15.66 ± 0.03, and 17.49 ± 0.13 µL/mL. The essential oils showed qualitative and quantitative diversity in the makeup of essential oils constituents. The oils were found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity on swiss albino mice compared to the standard drugs, viz; ibuprofen, paracetamol and indomethacin. Conclusion: It is inferred from the study that the plant parts can be used scientifically in traditional systems as folk herbal medicine. Furthermore, we have generated a database for future reference and judicious exploitation of these oils from their natural setting.

Study on Chemical Diversity Among Plant Parts of Zingiber chrysanthum and Their Antioxidant Assay

Abstract The objective of present study was to analyze the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of hexane extract from different plant parts of Zingiber chrysanthum Rosc. GC/MS analysis revealed the vast chemical diversity with geranyl linalool as major constituent which varied quantitatively in different parts like rhizomes (27.8%), seed (40.3%) and perianth (3.8%) along with other minor mono and sesquiterpenoids. The antioxidant activity of the hexane extracts was measured by their ability to scavenge free radicals, metal chelating and reducing power. The antioxidant of the extracts was found to have positive correlation with the total phenolic content of the extracts while IC50 values exhibited negative correlation. The total phenolic contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid as the standard. Among the extracts under study exhibited dose dependent antioxidant potential however DPPH radical scavenging activity was found maximum in with IC50 value 187.93±0.75 μg/ml and negative correlation (-0.788) with phenols. Based on these data, it can be concluded that this medicinally important traditionally herb may be a good source of industrially important phytochemicals like geranyl linalool and natural antioxidant.

Phytochemical Diversity Among Parts of Zingiber roseum Rosc. Extracts With Their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity

Abstract The present study focussed on phytochemical analysis of Zingiber roseum through GC & GC-MS, antifungal and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of seed, rhizome and perianth of the plant. GC-MS analysis was done by using GC MS-QP 2010 Plus equipment revealed diverse chemical make-up of the constituents. Among identified constituents ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dimethoxy-4h-chromen-4-one, hexadecanoic acid metyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) and β-citronellal were found as major compounds in methanolic extracts from seeds, rhizome and petals respectively. The antifungal activity was done by disc diffusion methods for which extracts were tested against Fusarium accuminata. Among them the extracts were found to be remarkable fungicide according to its inhibition action against Fusarium accuminata. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP assay and metal chelating activity. The antioxidant assay revealed good to moderate antioxidant potential with different IC50 values with respect to Fe3+ reducing power (200.34-438.79 μg/ml), Fe2+ metal chelating ability (310.80-469.69 μg/ml) and DPPH anion scavenging activities (215.99-884.40 μg/ml) in comparison to known standards. Based on present findings it has been concluded that this herb can be a good source to develop a safe, eco-friendly and sustainable natural, food preservative.

Chemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils of Two Morphotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson (Verbenaceae)

Abstract Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br.ex Britton & P.Wilson is an aromatic shrub of Verbenaceae family. L. alba exhibits variability among its different accessions, showing difference in morphology and in the composition of essential oil. The objective of this study was to chemically characterize and evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oil of two L. alba morphotypes. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and the identification was done through GC/GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, Iron chelating activity, FRAP assay, Super oxide radical scavenging and Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. More than eighty constituents were identified in both the oils. Both the oils were characterized by a high amount of oxygenated monoterpenes (80.8%) and (82.0%). The major constituent in both the morphotypes was linalool. The other major constituents found in type-I were eucalyptol (4.2%), neral (1.1%), geranial (1.5%), E-caryophyllene (3.1%), germacrene-D (3.3%), germacrene-B (1.6%), 3E,5E-2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol (2.1%), 3E,5Z-2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol (3.8%) whereas in type-II were eucalyptol (4.7%), β-citronellol (1.3%), neral (2.3%), geranial (2.8%), β-caryophyllene (2.3%), germacrene-D (3.0%), germacrene-B (1.4%), carryophyllene oxide (1.1%), 3E,5E-2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol (1.6%), 3E,5Z-2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol (2.9%). Both the morphotypes exhibited good antioxidant activity but the activity, was found higher in type-II L. alba morphotype than type-I. The chemical composition and antioxidant activity suggest L. alba as a potential source of natural linalool and further its use in ethanopharmacological applications.

Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions

Background: Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) is a known herbal drug commonly used in traditional medicine. Our aim was to perform seasonal and altitudinal phytochemical screening to assess the antioxidant activity of the essential oils in the rhizome and leaves of A. calamus from three different altitudes. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed using GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant assay was done by different methods. Results: The essential oils mainly contained α-asarone, β-asarone (35.3–90.6%), and Z-isoelemicin (1.7–7.3%) as the major constituents, besides linalool, Z-methyl isoeugenol, shyobunone, kessane, etc. All the oils exhibited vast molecular diversity in terms of quantitative ingredients. All essential oils were studied for their antioxidant activity by different methods, including their effect on the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, and chelating properties of Fe2+. The oils isolated in all the different seasons exhibited antioxidant activity as a function of concentration, with IC50 values ranging from 475.48 ± 0.08 to 11.72 ± 0.03 compared to standards. Conclusion: From the results obtained it can be inferred that the herb may be a good source of bioactive compounds and can work as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative deterioration in food. The data provide a basis for its in-situ investigation for judicious exploitation.