Ravi Khadka

Model-Driven Development of Service Compositions for Enterprise Interoperability

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) has emerged as an architectural style to foster enterprise interoperability, as it claims to facilitate the flexible composition of loosely coupled enterprise applications and thus alleviates the heterogeneity problem among enterprises. Meanwhile, Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) aims at facilitating the development of distributed application functionality, independent from its implementation using a specific technology platform and thus contributes to deployment in different platforms. In this paper we propose an MDA-based transformation technique for service composition. The contribution of the paper is two-fold. First, our approach shows how enterprise interoperability is supported by service composition at two different technical levels, namely at choreography and orchestration level. Second, the approach contributes to the management of changes that affect enterprise interoperability, by defning a (semi-)automated transformation from choreography to orchestrations in which the interoperability constraints specified at the choreography level are preserved.

A method engineering based legacy to SOA migration method

Legacy systems are vitally important for the continuation of business in an enterprise as they support complex core business processes. However, legacy systems have several well-known disadvantages such as being inflexible and hard to maintain, so momentum is growing to evolve those systems into new technology environments. Recently, service-oriented architecture has emerged as a promising architectural style that enables existing legacy systems to expose their functionality as services, without making significant changes to the legacy systems themselves. A significant number of the legacy to service migration approaches address the technical perspective (i.e., supporting technology) to expose the legacy code as services. The other approaches focus on determining the feasibility of the migration that includes economical and technical feasibility, based on the characteristics of existing legacy system and the requirements of the target SOA system. In this paper, a legacy to SOA migration method that does not single out the migration feasibility and technical perspectives, but combines these two perspectives of migration, is proposed. Method engineering is used to develop the migration method by reusing method fragments from existing service-oriented development methods. Then, concept slicing is used to develop the service by extracting the relevant parts of the legacy code. The method is evaluated and enhanced by interviewing experts and further validated with two case studies. The method is found to be appropriate and effective in extracting services from legacy code with the aim of reusing these services in new configurations.

A structured legacy to SOA migration process and its evaluation in practice

Legacy to Service-Oriented Architecture migration approaches have been extensively researched over the last decade, primarily to reuse the valuable business logic that resides within legacy applications. Interestingly, most of the proposed approaches fail to cover the complete process from the technological, organizational and business perspectives. This paper presents a structured six-phase process that covers both migration planning and execution, and does so by considering the aforementioned perspectives. Furthermore, within each of the six phases of the process, we present a rationale to justify the need of each phase, current practices within each phase, and challenges that require further attention. The proposed structured process is then evaluated by (i) migrating features of two simple yet representative applications to SOA, and (ii) by mapping activities reported in literature. Based on our findings, we believe that the proposed structured process is successfully fitting to capture the essence of the activities that are performed within the legacy to SOA migration domain by combining various perspectives.

How do professionals perceive legacy systems and software modernization

Existing research in legacy system modernization has traditionally focused on technical challenges, and takes the standpoint that legacy systems are obsolete, yet crucial for an organizations operation. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether practitioners in the industry also share this perception. This paper describes the outcome of an exploratory study in which 26 industrial practitioners were interviewed on what makes a software system a legacy system, what the main drivers are that lead to the modernization of such systems, and what challenges are faced during the modernization process. The findings of the interviews have been validated by means of a survey with 198 respondents. The results show that practitioners value their legacy systems highly, the challenges they face are not just technical, but also include business and organizational aspects.

Migrating a large scale legacy application to SOA: Challenges and lessons learned

This paper presents the findings of a case study of a large scale legacy to service-oriented architecture migration process in the payments domain of a Dutch bank. The paper presents the business drivers that initiated the migration, and describes a 4-phase migration process. For each phase, the paper details benefits of using the techniques, best practices that contribute to the success, and possible challenges that are faced during migration. Based on these observations, the findings are discussed as lessons learned, including the implications of using reverse engineering techniques to facilitate the migration process, adopting a pragmatic migration realization approach, emphasizing the organizational and business perspectives, and harvesting knowledge of the system throughout the systems life cycle.

Model-driven approach to enterprise interoperability at the technical service level

Enterprise Interoperability is the ability of enterprises to interoperate in order to achieve their business goals. Although the purpose of enterprise interoperability is determined at the business level, the use of technical (IT) services to support business services implies that interoperability solutions at both the business and technical level should be aligned. This paper introduces and demonstrates the suitability of an approach based on model transformations to automate enterprise interoperability. We start by considering that a set of enterprises are willing to interoperate in the context of their individual goals. The interactions necessary for their cooperation are then properly captured in terms of a so-called choreography. Our approach allows a choreography to be mapped and transformed to an orchestration, which defines the operation of the actual technical services of the interoperating enterprises. The paper discusses the technical challenges of implementing the transformation, and illustrates our approach with two application scenarios.

Chargeback for cloud services

With pay-per-use pricing models, elastic scaling of resources, and the use of shared virtualized infrastructures, cloud computing offers more efficient use of capital and agility. To leverage the advantages of cloud computing, organizations have to introduce cloud-specific chargeback practices. Organizations have to allocate IT service costs to business users in a way that reflects service consumption. To help organizations become effective users of cloud services, this article provides an overview of the factors that influence chargeback in the cloud services. This is an initial work that determines the factors influencing the chargeback in the cloud services. The findings of this research facilitate organizations to realize the implications of the cloud for their chargeback. This research contributes to the understanding of the impact of Cloud on chargeback.Eight factors influence chargeback for cloud services.These can be grouped in effectiveness and acceptability.To develop successful chargeback models, designers should optimally balance these.This work empirically validates the findings of an SLR and expert interviews.

ITMViz: interactive topic modeling for source code analysis

Topic modeling has seen a surge in use for software comprehension. Although the models inferred from the source code are a great source of knowledge, they fail to fully capture the conceptual relationships between the topics. Here we investigate the use of interactive topic modeling for source code analysis by feeding-in information from the end-users, including developers and architects, to refine the inferred topic models. We have implemented a web-based toolkit called ITMViz to provide support to interpret the topic models, and use the results to cluster modules together. A medium-sized Java project is used to evaluate our approach in understanding the software system.

A search-based approach to multi-view clustering of software systems

Unsupervised software clustering is the problem of automatically decomposing the software system into meaningful units. Some approaches solely rely on the structure of the system, such as the module dependency graph, to decompose the software systems into cohesive groups of modules. Other techniques focus on the informal knowledge hidden within the source code itself to retrieve the modular architecture of the system. However both techniques in the case of large systems fail to produce decompositions that correspond to the actual architecture of the system. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel approach to clustering software systems by incorporating knowledge from different viewpoints of the system, such as the knowledge embedded within the source code as well as the structural dependencies within the system, to produce a clustering. In this setting, we adopt a search-based approach to the encoding of multi-view clustering and investigate two approaches to tackle this problem, one based on a linear combination of objectives into a single objective, the other a multi-objective approach to clustering. We evaluate our approach against a set of substantial software systems. The two approaches are evaluated on a dataset comprising of 10 Java open source projects. Finally, we propose two techniques based on interpolation and hierarchical clustering to combine different results obtained to yield a single result for single-objective and multi-objective encodings, respectively.

Gelato: GEneric language tools for model-driven analysis of legacy software systems

We present an integrated set of language-independent (generic) tools for analyzing legacy software systems: Gelato. Like any analysis tool, Gelato consists of a set of parsers, tree walkers, transformers, visualizers and pretty printers for different programming languages. Gelato is divided into a set of components, comprising of a set of language-specific bundles and a generic core. By providing a generic core, Gelato enables building tools for analyzing legacy systems independent of the languages they are implemented in. To achieve this, Gelato consists of a generic extensible imperative language called Kernel which provides a separation between syntactic and semantic analysis. We have adopted model-driven techniques to develop the Gelato tool set which is integrated into the Eclipse environment.