Rawlance Ndejjo

Occupational Health Hazards among Healthcare Workers in Kampala, Uganda

Objective. To assess the occupational health hazards faced by healthcare workers and the mitigation measures. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing quantitative data collection methods among 200 respondents who worked in 8 major health facilities in Kampala. Results. Overall, 50.0% of respondents reported experiencing an occupational health hazard. Among these, 39.5% experienced biological hazards while 31.5% experienced nonbiological hazards. Predictors for experiencing hazards included not wearing the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE), working overtime, job related pressures, and working in multiple health facilities. Control measures to mitigate hazards were availing separate areas and containers to store medical waste and provision of safety tools and equipment. Conclusion. Healthcare workers in this setting experience several hazards in their workplaces. Associated factors include not wearing all necessary protective equipment, working overtime, experiencing work related pressures, and working in multiple facilities. Interventions should be instituted to mitigate the hazards. Specifically PPE supply gaps, job related pressures, and complacence in adhering to mitigation measures should be addressed.

The role of environmental health in One Health: A Uganda perspective

Background One Health is the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment. As the human population continues to increase across the world, the interface of people, animals and the environment becomes more significant and impactful. For the past few years, the One Health concept has brought together experts in the areas of animal and human health. It has provided a new synthesis for public health and veterinary communities across the world. One Health initiatives have majorly focused on veterinarians, medical doctors and public health professionals. However, the Environmental Health profession has a major role to play in One Health activities based on Ugandas experiences. Contribution of environmental health to One Health In Uganda, Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs) carry out several duties that contribute towards One Health. These include: inspection of animals before slaughter (antemortem) and meat in abattoirs (postmortem); inspection of meat in butcheries; destruction of condemned meat; disease surveillance; outbreak investigation and control of zoonoses; control of vectors and vermin such as rats, fleas, mosquitoes and monkeys; health education on pertinent issues such as vaccination of dogs; and food safety including meat and milk. EHPs also play an important role in prevention, detection and abatement of microbial and chemical pollution of land, air and water sources that have created new threats to the health of both animals and humans. EHPs carry out house to house inspections on water, sanitation and hygiene hence involved in abating nuisances at households that could pose a threat to public health. Such threats could be emerging from the environment including animals. Enforcement of public health legislation is also a key contribution of EHPs to One Health in Uganda. Conclusion EHPs play an important role in disease surveillance, prevention and control. Therefore, Environmental Health professionals should be involved as stakeholders in local, national and global One Health initiatives.

Using photovoice to examine community level barriers affecting maternal health in rural Wakiso district, Uganda

Abstract Uganda continues to have poor maternal health indicators including a high maternal mortality ratio. This paper explores community level barriers affecting maternal health in rural Wakiso district, Uganda. Using photovoice, a community-based participatory research approach, over a five-month period, ten young community members aged 18-29 years took photographs and analysed them, developing an understanding of the emerging issues and engaging in community dialogue on them. From the study, known health systems problems including inadequate transport, long distance to health facilities, long waiting times at facilities and poor quality of care were confirmed, but other aspects that needed to be addressed were also established. These included key gender-related determinants of maternal health, such as domestic violence, low contraceptive use and early teenage pregnancy, as well as problems of unclean water, poor sanitation and women’s lack of income. Community members appreciated learning about the research findings precisely hence designing and implementing appropriate solutions to the problems identified because they could see photographs from their own local area. Photovoice’s strength is in generating evidence by community members in ways that articulate their perspectives, support local action and allow direct communication with stakeholders. Résumé L’Ouganda continue d’enregistrer des indicateurs médiocres de santé maternelle, notamment un taux élevé de mortalité maternelle. L’article recense les obstacles du niveau communautaire influençant la santé maternelle dans le district rural de Wakiko, Ouganda. Avec photovoice, une méthode de recherche participative à assise communautaire, sur une période de cinq mois, dix jeunes membres de la communauté âgés de 18 à 29 ans ont pris des photographies et les ont analysées, parvenant ainsi à comprendre les questions émergentes et à entamer un dialogue autour de ces questions avec la communauté. Ce travail a confirmé les problèmes connus des systèmes de santé, notamment le transport inadapté, l’éloignement des centres de santé, les longues attentes dans les centres et la mauvaise qualité des soins. Mais d’autres aspects à corriger ont aussi été dégagés, par exemple des déterminants sexospécifiques clés de la santé maternelle, comme la violence familiale, le faible emploi de contraceptifs et les grossesses précoces des adolescentes, ainsi que des problèmes dus à l’eau non salubre, l’inadéquation des systèmes d’assainissement et l’absence de revenu des femmes. Les membres de la communauté ont apprécié d’être informés des conclusions de la recherche, et ont conçu et mis en łuvre des solutions appropriées aux problèmes identifiés, précisément parce qu’ils pouvaient les voir dépeints dans les photographies de leur propre zone locale. La force de la méthode photovoice est qu’elle donne aux membres de la communauté la possibilité de faire des constatations et d’articuler leurs perspectives, de façon à soutenir l’action locale et autoriser une communication directe avec les parties prenantes. Resumen Uganda continúa teniendo indicadores de mala salud materna, tales como una alta razón de mortalidad materna. Este artículo explora las barreras comunitarias que afectan la salud materna en las zonas rurales del distrito de Wakiso, en Uganda. Utilizando Fotovoz, una estrategia de investigación participativa comunitaria, durante un plazo de cinco meses, diez jóvenes miembros comunitarios, entre 18 y 29 años de edad, tomaron fotografías y las analizaron; lo cual les permitió entender los asuntos emergentes y entablar diálogos con la comunidad al respecto. Por medio de este trabajo, se confirmaron los problemas de los sistemas de salud conocidos, tales como transporte inadecuado, larga distancia a las unidades de salud, largas esperas en las unidades de salud y calidad deficiente de la atención brindada, pero también se establecieron otros aspectos que debían ser tratados. Entre estos figuraban determinantes clave de salud materna relacionados con género, tales como violencia doméstica, bajo uso de anticonceptivos y embarazo precoz en la adolescencia, así como problemas de agua sucia, falta de saneamiento y falta de ingresos de las mujeres. Los miembros comunitarios agradecieron poder conocer los hallazgos de la investigación y, por ende, formular y aplicar soluciones adecuadas a los problemas identificados, precisamente porque los vieron representados en fotografías en su localidad. La fortaleza de Fotovoz yace en generar evidencia por miembros comunitarios en formas que expresan sus perspectivas, apoyan la acción local y permiten comunicación directa con las partes interesadas.

Promising Perceptions, Divergent Practices and Barriers to Integrated Malaria Prevention in Wakiso District, Uganda: A Mixed Methods Study

Background The World Health Organization recommends use of multiple approaches to control malaria. The integrated approach to malaria prevention advocates the use of several malaria prevention methods in a holistic manner. This study assessed perceptions and practices on integrated malaria prevention in Wakiso district, Uganda. Methods A clustered cross-sectional survey was conducted among 727 households from 29 villages using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Assessment was done on awareness of various malaria prevention methods, potential for use of the methods in a holistic manner, and reasons for dislike of certain methods. Households were classified as using integrated malaria prevention if they used at least two methods. Logistic regression was used to test for factors associated with the use of integrated malaria prevention while adjusting for clustering within villages. Results Participants knew of the various malaria prevention methods in the integrated approach including use of insecticide treated nets (97.5%), removing mosquito breeding sites (89.1%), clearing overgrown vegetation near houses (97.9%), and closing windows and doors early in the evenings (96.4%). If trained, most participants (68.6%) would use all the suggested malaria prevention methods of the integrated approach. Among those who would not use all methods, the main reasons given were there being too many (70.2%) and cost (32.0%). Only 33.0% households were using the integrated approach to prevent malaria. Use of integrated malaria prevention by households was associated with reading newspapers (AOR 0.34; 95% CI 0.22 –0.53) and ownership of a motorcycle/car (AOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.03 – 2.98). Conclusion Although knowledge of malaria prevention methods was high and perceptions on the integrated approach promising, practices on integrated malaria prevention was relatively low. The use of the integrated approach can be improved by promoting use of multiple malaria prevention methods through various communication channels such as mass media.

Practices, Concerns, and Willingness to Participate in Solid Waste Management in Two Urban Slums in Central Uganda

Poor solid waste management is among the major challenges facing urban slums in developing countries including Uganda. Understanding community concerns and willingness towards involvement in solid waste management improvement initiatives is critical for informing interventions in slums. Methods. We used a cross-sectional study to collect quantitative data from 435 residents in two urban slums in central Uganda. A semistructured questionnaire was used which assessed waste collection practices, separation and disposal methods, concerns regarding solid wastes, and willingness to participate in waste separation and composting. Data was analysed using STATA 12. Results. Food remains (38%) and plastics (37%) formed the biggest proportion of wastes generated in households. Most households (35.9%) disposed of general wastes by open dumping while 27% disposed of plastics by burning. Only 8.8% of households conducted composting while 55% carried out separation for some decomposable wastes. Separation was carried out for only banana peelings and leftover foods for feeding animals. Respondents expressed high willingness to separate (76.6%) and compost (54.9%) solid wastes. Conclusion. Practices in waste disposal and separation were poor despite high willingness to participate in initiatives to improve waste management, highlighting a need for authorities to engage residents of slums to improve their practices.

Supporting youth and community capacity through photovoice: Reflections on participatory research on maternal health in Wakiso district, Uganda.

ABSTRACT This paper reflects on the experiences of using photovoice to examine maternal health in Wakiso district, Uganda. The project involved 10 youth aged 18–29 years old, who were diverse in education, occupation, and marital status and identified by community leaders with researchers. By taking photos and sharing images and experiences in monthly meetings over five months, youth reported becoming more knowledgeable. They realised that they had common experiences but also reflected on and reinterpreted their circumstances. While they acquired self-confidence and enhanced their communication skills, they also initially faced community resistance regarding consent and lack of trust in their motives. Ethical practice in photovoice goes beyond institutional approval and individual consent. It includes extensively discussing the project with community members and building relationships with them. In certain instances, photos needed not to identify community members, or not be taken at all. Through these relationships and with improved capacity, youth engaged in individual instances of health education and advocacy, as well as spurred further local action through community dialogues. Researchers supporting photovoice must be open to learning alongside participants, flexible regarding study focus and processes, sustain interest and manage logistics, all while being reflective about the balance of power in such partnerships.

Perceptions about medical male circumcision and sexual behaviours of adults in rural Uganda: a cross sectional study

Introduction Medical male circumcision is currently recognized as an additional important HIV preventive intervention to reduce the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men. However, sexual behaviours after medical circumcision can potentially reduce the expected benefits of the practice. This study explored the perceptions about medical male circumcision and sexual behaviours of adults in Kayunga district, Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 393 respondents using a semi structured questionnaire. In addition, four focus group discussions were conducted. Quantitative data was analysed using STATA 12. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results The study established various perceptions about medical male circumcision and sexual behaviours. Majority 247 (64.5%) did not perceive circumcision as a practice that can lead men to have multiple sexual partners. Males were 3 times more likely to think that circumcision would lead to having multiple sexual partners than females (AOR=2.99, CI: 1.93-4.61). Only 89 (23.2%) believed that circumcision would lead to complacency and compromise the use of condoms to prevent against infection with HIV. Respondents who had education above primary were less likely to think that circumcision would compromise the use of condoms (AOR=0.49, CI: 0.31- 0.79). The perception that circumcised youths were less likely to abstain from sexual intercourse was less held among those with education above primary (AOR=0.58, CI: 0.37-0.91) and those older than 30 years (AOR=0.59, CI: 0.38-0.92). Conclusion There were gaps in knowledge and negative perceptions about MMC in the study community. Measures are needed to avert the negative perceptions by equipping communities with sufficient, accurate and consistent information about medical male circumcision and sexual behaviour.

Malaria prevention practices and associated environmental risk factors in a rural community in Wakiso district, Uganda

Background Besides use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), other complimentary measures including suitable housing structures, and environmental management that reduce breeding of malaria vectors, can be implemented at households to prevent the disease. However, most studies on malaria prevention have focused mainly on ITNs and IRS. The aim of this study was therefore to assess malaria prevention practices beyond ITNs and IRS, and associated environmental risk factors including housing structure in rural Wakiso district, Uganda. Methods A clustered cross-sectional survey was conducted among 727 households in Wakiso district. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and observational checklist. The questionnaire assessed participants’ household practices on malaria prevention, whereas the checklist recorded environmental risk factors for malaria transmission, and structural condition of houses. Poisson regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with use of mosquito nets by households. Results Of the 727 households, 471 (64.8%) owned at least one mosquito net. Use of mosquito nets by households was higher with increasing education level of participants—primary (aPR = 1.27 [95% CI: 1.00–1.60]), secondary (ordinary level) (aPR = 1.47 [95% CI: 1.16–1.85]) and advanced level / tertiary (aPR = 1.55 [95% CI: 1.19–2.01]), and higher household income (aPR = 1.09 [95% CI: 1.00–1.20]). Additionally, participants who were not employed were less likely to have mosquito nets used in their households (aPR = 0.83 [95% CI: 0.70–0.98]). Houses that had undergone IRS in the previous 12 months were 42 (5.8%), while 220 (43.2%) households closed their windows before 6.00 pm. Environmental risk factors found at households included presence of vessels that could potentially hold water for mosquito breeding 414 (56.9%), and stagnant water in compounds 144 (19.8%). Several structural deficiencies on houses that could promote entry of mosquitoes were found such as lack of screening in ventilators 645 (94.7%), and external doors not fitting perfectly into walls hence potential for mosquito entry 305 (42.0%). Conclusion There is need to increase coverage and utilisation of ITNs and IRS for malaria prevention in Wakiso district, Uganda. In addition, other malaria prevention strategies such as environmental management, and improving structural condition of houses are required to strengthen existing malaria prevention approaches.

Drinking Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion Interventions in Two Slum Communities in Central Uganda

Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) continue to contribute to the high prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in low-income countries such as Uganda particularly in slums. We implemented a 3-year WASH project in two urban slums in Uganda with a focus on safe drinking water and improvement in sanitation. The project implemented community and school interventions in addition to capacity building initiatives. Community interventions included home improvement campaigns, clean-up exercises, water quality assessment, promotion of drinking safe water through household point-of-use chlorination, promotion of hand washing, and support towards solid waste management. In schools, the project supported health clubs and provided them with “talking compound” messages. The capacity building initiatives undertaken included training of youth and community health workers. Project evaluation revealed several improvements in WASH status of the slums including increase in piped water usage from 38% to 86%, reduction in use of unprotected water sources from 30% to 2%, reduction in indiscriminate disposal of solid waste from 18% to 2%, and increase in satisfaction with solid waste management services from 40% to 92%. Such proactive and sustainable community interventions have the potential to not only improve lives of slum inhabitants in developing countries but also create lasting impact.

Costs of unintentional injuries among children in an urban slum community in Kampala city, Uganda

Abstract Unintentional injuries cause deaths, disabilities, productivity and financial losses and disproportionately affect children in low-income settings yet their cost remains under studied. This study determined the household out-of-pocket expenditure and missed school attendance due to unintentional childhood injuries in a Ugandan slum. We used a cross-sectional household survey design. Data were collected on occurrence and associated costs of unintentional injuries during a one-year period from July 2014 to June 2015. A total of 706 (44.7%) children who had suffered from injuries were reported in the one year period. More male children (N = 415, 58.7%) suffered injuries than females (N = 291, 41.2%). The average out-of-pocket expenditure on treating an injury was US