Raymond Charles Rauscher

Brooklyn’s Bushwick - Urban Renewal in New York, USA

Chapter 1: Bushwick and Northeast Brooklyn: Formative Years to 1960s.- Chapter 2: Bushwick: Planning in 1970s to Current Times.- Chapter 3: Planning for Sustainable Communities.- Chapter 4. New York City Planning: Community Boards and Planning Instruments.- Chapter 5. Application of Planning Instruments: Case Studies.- Chapter 6. Preparing Students for Urban Futures: Case Example Bushwick.- Chapter 7. Future Directions: Sustainable Urban Planning (SUP).- Appendices.- Post Script.- Glossary.- Index.

Conclusions and Directions for Sustainable Neighborhood Planning

The chapter looks at conclusions from the nine case studies (including overall conclusions) and suggests directions for sustainable neighbourhood planning. Examining conclusions, the main planning issues as addressed in the case studies are commented upon.

Planning for Sustainable Cities

The chapter addresses planning of global cities and the applications of sustainable urban planning (SUP) practices. A background on theory and practice of SUP is presented, particularly applicable to municipalities and districts (group of municipalities) undergoing rapid change (focusing on the effects of global transition). The chapter covers definitions and examples of sustainability and ecologically sustainable development (ESD). Reviews and critiques of writers and key documents on the subject of SUP are presented. Recent (1980s–2016) planning schools of thought (i.e., compact cities, new urbanism, smart growth, eco-city planning and SUP) are also commented on. Finally, examples of current worldwide approaches to planning municipalities and districts using SUP practices is canvassed.

Cities in Global Transition

The chapter addresses planning of global cities and the applications of sustainable urban planning (SUP) practices. A background on theory and practice of SUP is presented, particularly applicable to municipalities and districts (group of municipalities) undergoing rapid change (focusing on the effects of global transition). The chapter covers defi nitions and examples of sustainability and ecologically sustainable development (ESD). Reviews and critiques of writers and key documents on the subject of SUP are presented. Recent (1980s–2016) planning schools of thought (i.e., compact cities, new urbanism, smart growth, eco-city planning and SUP) are also commented on. Finally, examples of current worldwide approaches to planning municipalities and districts using SUP practices is canvassed.

Planning for Sustainable Communities

This chapter provides an in-depth examination of the emerging tools needed by communities and governments to engage in planning for sustainable communities. Reviewing the history of the terms ‘sustainability’ and ‘ecological sustainable development’ (ESD) leads to an analysis of the changing schools of urban planning. The position the City of New York meeting the challenges of the new school of sustainable urban planning (SUP) is commented upon. The framework of this planning approach is also summarized. This sets the parameters to examine the planning instruments available within the City of New York and the role of the community and businesses in planning (Chap. 4).

Directions for Planning Sustainable Cities and Neighborhoods

This chapter summarises the conclusions reached (Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) on addressing of the Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) for nine case study New York neighborhoods (over the three boroughs). There are (by borough): Manhattan (Lower East Side, Greenwich Village, and, Hell’s Kitchen); Brooklyn (DUMBO, Brooklyn Downtown, and Greenpoint); and Queens (Astoria, Jackson Heights, and Long Island City). The SCPs examined were: Heritage Protection; Housing Provision: and, Open Spaces Allocation. Reference is also made to: Chap. 1 (global changes and implications for cities); and, Chap. 2 (New York planning history; selection of SCPs; and, nomination of case study neighborhoods). The Chapter firstly summarizes and draws conclusions on the extent the City Council (and the community) was addressing SCPs in planning neighborhoods. Having summarized and drawn conclusions on this planning, the lessons learned from these conclusions for New York are then addressed. With these lessons, planning for sustainable cities anywhere is addressed (with references to futurists in Chap. 1 and planning theorists in Chap. 2).

Global Changes and Implications for Cities

This chapter looks at the background to planning cities in the face of global urban changes, with resulting pressures on cities and neighborhoods. Firstly, the influence of world population growth on cities is assessed, including population movements across countries. The chapter introduces nine futurists (from 1800s to 2017) and their views on cities and responses to global changes (i.e. impacts on urban areas). Introducing the United States, its population growth and immigration trends from 1900 to 2017 (and projections to 2050) are examined. The chapter then moves to examining New York and its evolution as a global city. The city’s history of settlement (including neighborhood development) and Greater New York Metropolitan Area planning are then reviewed. The chapter concludes noting that planning of New York City and Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) will be examined in Chap. 2.

Lower East Side and Sustainable City Principles

This chapter aims to determine the extent that the planning of the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood addresses Sustainable City Principles (SCPs). The LES is one of three selected case study Manhattan neighborhoods (of nine studied neighborhoods over three New York boroughs). The chapter firstly provides a historical background to the LES, including results of an on-ground author survey of the neighborhood. Three key Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) (as adopted in Chap. 2) are then introduced, including: Heritage Protection; Housing Provision: and, Open Spaces Allocation. Current development in the LES is then examined using the three SCPs as a guide The LES neighborhood needs and issues are also examined (under the three SCPs). This examination is centered on the annual profile report completed by the Manhattan Community Board 3 (containing the LES) for the City Council. A LES case study redevelopment project (e.g. Seward Park Urban Redevelopment Area) (SPURA) is then selected. The SCPs are addressed for this case study and conclusions drawn. Finally, an overall conclusion is drawn on the extent that the planning of the LES addresses the SCPs. With this conclusion, it’s noted that comments are made in the final chapter (after examining all neighborhoods) on the extent neighborhood planning in New York addresses SCPs. It’s also noted that the final chapter will comment on neighborhood planning addressing SCPs in any city or urban area (chapter also references futurists and planning theorists as introduced respectively in Chaps. 1 and 2).

Long Island City and Sustainable City Principles

This chapter aims to determine the extent that the planning of the Long Island City (LIC) neighborhood addresses Sustainable City Principles (SCPs). LIC is one of three selected case study Queens’ neighborhoods (of nine studied neighborhoods over three New York boroughs). The chapter firstly provides a background to LIC, including results of an on-ground author’s survey of the neighborhood. Three key Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) (as adopted in Chap. 2) are then introduced, including: Heritage Protection; Housing Provision: and, Open Spaces Allocation. Current development in LIC is then examined using the three SCPs as a guide The LIC neighborhood needs and issues are then examined (under the three SCPs). This examination is centered on the annual profile report completed by the Queens Community Board 2 (containing LIC) for the City Council. A LIC case study redevelopment project (e.g. Hunters Point Redevelopment) is then selected. The SCPs are addressed for this case study and conclusions drawn. Finally, an overall conclusion is drawn on the extent that the planning of LIC addresses the SCPs. With this conclusion, it’s noted that comments are made in the final chapter (after examining all neighborhoods) on the extent neighborhood planning in New York addresses SCPs. It is also noted that the final chapter will comment on neighborhood planning addressing SCPs in any city or urban area (also referencing futurists and planning theorists as introduced respectively in Chaps. 1 and 2).

Jackson Heights and Sustainable City Principles

This chapter aims to determine the extent that the planning of the Jackson Heights neighborhood addresses Sustainable City Principles (SCPs). Astoria is one of three selected case study Queens’ neighborhoods (of nine studied neighborhoods over three New York boroughs). The chapter firstly provides a background to Jackson Heights, including results of an on-ground author survey of the neighborhood. Three key Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) (adopted in Chap. 2) are then introduced, including: Heritage Protection; Housing Provision: and, Open Spaces Allocation. Urban development in Jackson Heights is then examined using the three SCPs as a guide The Jackson Heights neighborhood needs and issues are then examined (under the three SCPs). This examination is centered on the annual profile report completed by the Queens Community Board 3 (containing Jackson Heights) for the City Council. A Jackson Heights case study redevelopment project (e.g. renewal of residential precincts) is then selected. The SCPs are addressed for this case study and conclusions drawn. Finally, an overall conclusion is drawn on the extent that the planning of Jackson Heights addresses the SCPs. With this conclusion, it’s noted that comments are made in the final chapter (after examining all neighborhoods) on the extent neighborhood planning in New York addresses SCPs. It is also noted that the final chapter will comment on neighborhood planning addressing SCPs in any city or urban area (also referencing futurists and planning theorists as introduced respectively in Chaps. 1 and 2).