Razi Iqbal

Wearable Near Field Communication ring antenna for mobile communication

The paper discusses the implementation of Near Field Communication as a wireless communication technology between wearable items and mobile phones. The main focus of this paper is the design and application of NFC rings as passive tags for simple and fast interaction between a user with wearable item and NFC enabled smart phone. With the increasing growth and applications of NFC, vendors have embedded NFC tags in different items for easy access to users including key-chains, wallets, pens, stickers and even clothes. We will examine the use of wearable rings as passive NFC tags and discuss in detail the design parameters of NFC antenna used in the process. Our study will not only include the evaluation of NFC tags in small rounded wearable items like rings but will propose the ways in which wireless communication between these wearable items and active tags can be improved when communication is made at various angles. This paper will include the simulation results of the scattering parameter of NFC passive tag antenna to further explain how these parameter affects overall wireless communication of NFC in mobile phones.

Social Internet of Vehicles: Architecture and enabling technologies

Abstract The key goal of Internet of Things (IoT) has been the provision of value-added services based on the ubiquitously available smart devices that can offer diverse services by interacting with each other. However, the paradigm has evolved to its next phase, Social Internet of Things (SIoT), with the inception of an idea to empower these devices with consciousness. This cognizance enables these smart devices to socialize with each other based on shared context and mutual interests. The Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) applies SIoT concepts in the vehicular domain to revolutionize the existing ITS (Intelligent Transport System) by adding value to existing VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) technology. This paper presents a scalable SIoV architecture based on Restful web technology. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the importance of web technology to meet the required interoperability to support the composition of numerous services. The paper also discusses the enabling technologies and protocols.

An efficient technique to retrieve information from a damaged near-field communication tag

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss a technique of restoring data from a broken/damaged near-field communication (NFC) tag whose coil is damaged and seems unrecoverable. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses a method to restore data from damaged NFC tags by designing a coil that matches the technical specification of NFC for restoring information. In this paper, an NFC tag with a broken antenna coil and its operational NFC chip is used for restoring data by making an external loop antenna for the same chip. Findings If the NFC tag is damaged, the information stored on the tag can be lost and can cause serious inconvenience. This research provides an excellent mechanism for retrieving all the information accurately from a damaged NFC tag provided the NFC chip is not damaged. Research limitations/implications One of the major limitations of this research is that the NFC chip remains intact without any damages. Data can only be recoverable if just the antenna of the NFC tag is damaged; any damage to the NFC chip would make it impossible for the data to be recoverable. Practical implications The research is carried out with limited resources in an academic institute and hence cannot be compared to antenna designs of the industry. Furthermore, industry vendors are using aluminum to design the coil; however, in this study a copper coil is used for coil design since it is far less expensive than aluminum coil. Originality/value NFC is a rather new short-range wireless technology and not much work is done in this field as far as antenna study is concerned. This study brings a technique to design a coil antenna for a damaged NFC tag to retrieve all the information without losing even a single bit of sensitive information.

ZigBee’s Received Signal Strength and Latency Evaluation under Varying Environments

Being self-configured, self-organized, and self-healing low power technology, ZigBee has obtained significant attention in last few years for achieving ubiquitous communication among various devices within a Personal Area Network (PAN). Even after a decade of its emergence, it has been well serving the communication needs of numerous modern applications belonging to multiple industries and is still a spotlight for the researchers working on certain aspects to enhance productivity along with a major cost reduction. Despite its robust communication nature, it heavily depends upon the context and is prone to the external effects that may cause a serious threat to prospective applications. This paper presents the novel experimental analysis conducted on real test beds to evaluate the impact of continuously changing communication environment on various parameters, for example, RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) and latency in the presence of multiple obstacles that may lead to severe degradation in the overall performance. Eventually, we suggest a suitable frame size for ZigBee based on our results deduced from the experimental study.

Challenges in Designing Ethical Rules for Infrastructures in Internet of Vehicles

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have seen significant advancements in technology. Innovation in connectivity and communication has brought substantial capabilities to various components of VANETs such as vehicles, infrastructures, passengers, drivers and affiliated environmental sensors. Internet of Things (IoT) has brought the notion of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to VANETs where each component of VANET is connected directly or indirectly to the Internet. Vehicles and infrastructures are the key components of a VANET system that can greatly augment the overall experience of the network by integrating the competencies of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P), Vehicle to Sensor (V2S), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Infrastructure to Infrastructure (I2I). Internet connectivity in Vehicles and Infrastructures has immensely expanded the potential of developing applications for VANETs under the broad spectrum of IoV. Advent in the use of technology in VANETs requires considerable efforts in scheming the ethical rules for autonomous systems. Currently, there is a gap in literature that focuses on the challenges involved in designing ethical rules or policies for infrastructures, sometimes referred to as Road Side Units (RSUs) for IoVs. This paper highlights the key challenges entailing the design of ethical rules for RSUs in IoV systems. Furthermore, the article also proposes major ethical principles for RSUs in IoV systems that would set foundation for modeling future IoV architectures.

Eliminating Broadcast Storming in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

VANETs (Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks) offer diversity of appealing applications. A lot of applications offered by VANETs depend upon the propagation of messages from one vehicle to another vehicle in the network. Several algorithms for useful broadcasting of safety/ warning messages in the network have been presented by different researchers. Vehicles on roads are increasing day by day. Due to this increased number of vehicles and especially during the crest hours, when the networks become very dense, dissemination of the messages blindly in the network causes problems like packet collisions, data thrashing and broadcast storming. In this research, a relative speed based waiting time algorithm has been presented for avoiding broadcast storming problem in the VANETS especially in dense environment. This proposed algorithm calculates the waiting time for each vehicle after receiving the safety/ warning messages according to the relative speed of the vehicles, the distance between the vehicles and range of vehicles. The results show that the proposed relative speed based algorithm is better than already existing algorithms like blind flooding and dynamically broadcasting waiting time algorithm which uses number of neighbors and distance between the vehicles for calculating the waiting time.

NFC and Wi-Fi enabled smart clock for smart communication

This paper presents a smart NFC and Wi-Fi enabled clock. The smart clock presented in this paper is designed in a way that it connects to the Internet using Wi-Fi module, which enables it to read information to and from the cloud. The NFC chip embedded in the smart clock enables it to communicate with other NFC enabled devices, e.g., smart phone and passive tags which lets it perform tasks on the go. The core of this research is to develop a smart clock, which is efficient, intelligent, reliable and robust but still low cost. Furthermore, the clock is designed in a way that it consumes very low power for its operation. The paper discusses the need, implementation and system architecture of the smart clock. Moreover, it also discusses the challenges of RAM overflow and its solution while integrating Wi-Fi, LCD and NFC modules on microcontroller.

Low cost and power efficient automated traffic control system using IEEE 802.15.4

The paper discusses a proposed model for automated traffic signal control system using short range wireless technology standard IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee). The proposed model is expected to be low cost and power efficient which is well suited for Transportation and Surveillance Systems in developing countries. Several experiments were performed to gauge the efficiency of ZigBee technology in open environment like roads where various hurdles can affect the communication; however, results were very encouraging and showed that although ZigBee is a short range wireless technology but it is well suited for transportation systems using multi-hop communication. This paper specifically deals with the wireless communication between various ZigBee modules and studies the effect of various factors on ZigBee communication in open environment.

Energy efficient femtocell based architecture for low coverage areas in WiMAX

Femtocells are low power base stations operating in licensed spectrum with the intent to improve coverage and performance of voice and broadband services. The use of data hungry devices such as, tablets, smart phones and other wireless devices has rapidly been increasing in recent years and is driving the need to provide higher speed connections, more capacity and better quality of service. This article presents energy efficient femtocell based architecture for low coverage areas of wimax to improve indoor coverage of cellular mobile devices in the areas where coverage is weak or intermittent. It demonstrates the coverage is significantly improved introducing femtocells in low coverage areas and the total network capacity can be enhanced many folds as compared to macrocell networks. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture performs better in terms of different parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay, Voice Traffic Received and Mean Opinion Score (MOS).

Emulation of Multi-application Contactless Smartcard in Near Field Communication Enabled Smart Phones

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology used to transmit data between two devices. In order to transmit data, NFC has three working modes. The card emulation mode has the greatest potential because it allows a smart phone to emulate passive NFC tags and contactless smart cards. Hence, it enables a smart phone to instantly share data with an NFCenabled by a single tap on the NFC reader. Major applications of the card emulation mode include financial transactions such as purchasing a ticket at bus stop or a cinema hall, etc., so a secure storage space is required to locally store the data. The card emulation mode utilizes a Secure Element (SE) for the secure storage of data, and has no provisions for third party developers to write on this storage. This paper discusses the challenges of implementing card emulation in the Android Operating System for smart phones. Furthermore, emulation of a smart card defined by ISO 7816-4 for multiple application scenarios is discussed. The paper will go into detail regarding the implementation of card emulation mode and how it can help third party applications to read and write to and from SE while maintaining reasonable security. KeywordsNear Field Communication; Secure Element; Smart Card; Software Card Emulation; Two-way Communication; Short Range Wireless Communication