Rebecca R. Roberts

Hospital and Societal Costs of Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections in a Chicago Teaching Hospital: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship

BACKGROUND Organisms resistant to antimicrobials continue to emerge and spread. This study was performed to measure the medical and societal cost attributable to antimicrobial-resistant infection (ARI). METHODS A sample of high-risk hospitalized adult patients was selected. Measurements included ARI, total cost, duration of stay, comorbidities, acute pathophysiology, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, intensive care unit stay, surgery, health care-acquired infection, and mortality. Hospital services used and outcomes were abstracted from electronic and written medical records. Medical costs were measured from the hospital perspective. A sensitivity analysis including 3 study designs was conducted. Regression was used to adjust for potential confounding in the random sample and in the sample expanded with additional patients with ARI. Propensity scores were used to select matched control subjects for each patient with ARI for a comparison of mean cost for patients with and without ARI. RESULTS In a sample of 1391 patients, 188 (13.5%) had ARI. The medical costs attributable to ARI ranged from

The Use of Economic Modeling to Determine the Hospital Costs Associated with Nosocomial Infections

18,588 to

Costs attributable to healthcare-acquired infection in hospitalized adults and a comparison of economic methods.

29,069 per patient in the sensitivity analysis. Excess duration of hospital stay was 6.4-12.7 days, and attributable mortality was 6.5%. The societal costs were

Patient Satisfaction with an Emergency Department Chest Pain Observation Unit

10.7-

Emergency Department Observation Unit versus hospital inpatient care for a chronic asthmatic population: a randomized trial of health status outcome and cost.

15.0 million. Using the lowest estimates from the sensitivity analysis resulted in a total cost of

International Maternal Mortality Reduction: Outcome of Traditional Birth Attendant Education and Intervention in Angola

13.35 million in 2008 dollars in this patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS The attributable medical and societal costs of ARI are considerable. Data from this analysis could form the basis for a more comprehensive evaluation of the cost of resistance and the potential economic benefits of prevention programs.

Emergency Care Physicians' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Surveillance for Foodborne Disease in the United States

Hospital-associated infection is well recognized as a patient safety concern requiring preventive interventions. However, hospitals are closely monitoring expenditures and need accurate estimates of potential cost savings from such prevention programs. We used a retrospective cohort design and economic modeling to determine the excess cost from the hospital perspective for hospital-associated infection in a random sample of adult medical patients. Study patients were classified as being not infected (n=139), having suspected infection (n=8), or having confirmed infection (n=17). Severity of illness and intensive unit care use were both independently associated with increased cost. After controlling for these confounding effects, we found an excess cost of

A Simulation Model to Compare Strategies for the Reduction of Health-Care Associated Infections

6767 for suspected infection and

A guide to interpreting economic studies in infectious diseases

15,275 for confirmed hospital-acquired infection. The economic model explained 56% of the total variability in cost among patients. Hospitals can use these data when evaluating potential cost savings from effective infection-control measures.

SAfE AND SImPlE EmERgENCy DEPARTmENT DISChARgE ThERAPy fOR PATIENTS wITh TyPE 2 DIAbETES mEllITUS AND SEVERE hyPERglyCEmIA

Background:Hospitals will increasingly bear the costs for healthcare-acquired conditions such as infection. Our goals were to estimate the costs attributable to healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) and conduct a sensitivity analysis comparing analytic methods. Methods:A random sample of high-risk adults hospitalized in the year 2000 was selected. Measurements included total and variable medical costs, length of stay (LOS), HAI site, APACHE III score, antimicrobial resistance, and mortality. Medical costs were measured from the hospital perspective. Analytic methods included ordinary least squares linear regression and median quantile regression, Winsorizing, propensity score case matching, attributable LOS multiplied by mean daily cost, semi-log transformation, and generalized linear modeling. Three-state proportional hazards modeling was also used for LOS estimation. Attributable mortality was estimated using logistic regression. Results:Among 1253 patients, 159 (12.7%) developed HAI. Using different methods, attributable total costs ranged between