Recep Bakis

An investigation of waste foundry sand in asphalt concrete mixtures

A laboratory study regarding the reuse of waste foundry sand in asphalt concrete production by replacing a certain portion of aggregate with WFS was undertaken. The results showed that replacement of 10% aggregates with waste foundry sand was found to be the most suitable for asphalt concrete mixtures. Furthermore, the chemical and physical properties of waste foundry sand were analysed in the laboratory to determine the potential effect on the environment. The results indicated that the investigated waste foundry sand did not significantly affect the environment around the deposition area.

Energy from renewable sources in Turkey: Status and future direction

Turkey is an energy importing country. Turkeys indigenous energy sources are limited and the country is heavily dependent on the import of primary energy from abroad. More than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Non-fossil energy sources have a high share of energy supply in Turkey. The renewable energy resources that hold the most promise are the following: wind, solar in its various forms, biomass, geothermal, and small hydro, of which Turkey has abundant reserves. Hydroelectric power already accounts for about 40% of electricity demand, and there is much additional potential for growth. As of November 2000, there were 120 hydroelectric power plants in operation, with 34 more under construction. Turkey is encouraging the construction of wind power plants and the country has a goal of deriving 2% of its electricity from wind power. Turkey has extended its involvement in geothermal energy projects and solar energy could also provide significant amount of power for Turkey.

Sustainable Development of Small Hydropower Plants (SHPs)

The aim of this article is to investigate the small hydropower plants (SHPs) in Turkey. Total hydropower potential of Turkey is annually 433,000 GWh. Almost 50% of the total potential is technically exploitable and 29% (122,322 GWh/year) is economically exploitable. The country is planning to make use of the exploitable hydropower potentials (HPPs) of 122,322 GWh/year by 2023. Since the 1960s, more than 700 dams in various sizes have been constructed and 519 dams have already been in operation by 2002. Of these 519 dams, 202 facilities have been constructed as large dams and 317 as small dams. There are now a total of 134 hydroelectric power plants (HEPPs), total installed hydropower capacity of Turkey has reached 12,177 MW, and production has reached 44,034 GWh/year in 2002. About 38% of the total electricity is produced by HEPPs, approximately 98.5% of total hydropower potential is exploited from dams and HEPPs, whose installed capacity is more than 10 MW, and the rest (1.5%) is from run off river and channel HPPs. At the end of 2002, of these 317 small dams, 70 SHPs projects (installed capacity less than 10 MW) have put in operation and 203 SHP projects (installed capacity less than 10 MW) have been developed at various stages in Turkey.

Turkey's Water Resources and Hydropower Potential

The aim of this paper is to investigate the water sources in Turkey. Annual rainfall varies from 220 mm to 2500 mm with an average of 643 mm, which means total volume of 501 km3 and average annual potential of surface water is 186 km3 and 95 km3 of this amount potential can be feasibly developed. Ground water reservoirs are estimated to be around 12 km3. As a result of construction of 700 dams, with different types, purposes and sizes, 140 km3 of water is being stored in the reservoirs. Total hydropower potential of Turkey is annually 433,000 GWh. Almost 50% of the total potential is technically exploitable, and 29% is (122,322 GWh/year) economically exploitable.

Electricity from thermal and hydropower sources in Turkey: Status and future direction

In 1995, electricity production reached 86.2 TWh, while in 1971 it was only 8.6 TWh. Electricity production is expected to reach 304 TWh by 2010. The sharp growth of the energy sector has been accompanied by institutional reforms. One of the most important developments has been the liberalization of all energy sectors, including electricity production and distribution, to private capital both national and foreign. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the near future.

Potential contribution of firewood, energy forestation and forest residues in Turkey

In this paper, the firewood, energy forest and forest residue potentials of Turkey are investigated. Turkey has no large oil or gas reserves and more than half of the consumed energy is imported from abroad. Hence, in order to provide a sustainable economic development, new long-term energy strategies, which will reduce the share of fossil fuels and increase the share of renewable energy sources in the primary energy consumption, have to be developed. Presently, Turkey has 21.2 million hectares (ha) of forested land (27.2% of the territory) and the annual production of firewood is about 6–7 million m3. In addition, approximately 7 million m3 forest residues are formed during cutting and maintenance operations each year. Despite these high potentials, these resources can not be utilized efficiently. Most of the firewood produced is used illegally by local people for household needs. Only 15% of the available energy forests are utilized by classical methods which result in very low product yields and there are no modern plants to convert the firewood and forest residues into heat and electric energies. If, however, modern plants can be established to generate electric and heat energies from the produced firewood and formed forest residues, at least 2 Mtep (million tons of equivalent petroleum) of the energy consumption of the country can be met.

Turkey's Non-fossil Energy Sources and Positive Expectations in the Next Decades

Abstract According to some projections, Turkeys primary energy demand is expected to increase four times its 1998 value in the next 20 years. Turkish gas demand is expected to increase more than five folds in 2010 and eight times in 2020. Supplies of fossil and nuclear sources are generally acknowledged to be finite; non-fossil energy sources, such as nuclear, hydropower, biomass, solar and wind, are generally considered renewable and therefore sustainable over the relative long term. Turkey plans to increase hydropower production in the near future. The sharp growth of the energy sector has been accompanied by institutional reforms. One of the most important developments has been liberalization of all energy sectors, including electricity production and distribution, to private capital both national and foreign. Turkey possesses a relatively high abundance of hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass, moderate wind speeds and solar radiation, and nuclear energy resources. Renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented and demonstrated for use in Turkey.

SEYDİSUYU HAVZASINDA KÜÇÜK ÖLÇEKLİ HİDROELEKTRİK ENERJİ POTANSİYELİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Bu makalede, su kaynaklari ve hidroelektrik enerji potansiyeli bakimindan Seydisuyu havzasinin gelistirilmesi hedeflenmistir. Bu amacla, Seydisuyu uzerinde planlamasi yapilan bir adet barajdan uretilecek elektrik miktari arastirilmistir. Bu calismada, Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yazilimi ve havzaya ait sayisal haritalar kullanilmistir. Seydisuyu havzasindaki hazir kurulu barajlarin (Catoren ve Kunduzlar) mansabinda bulunan vadinin uygun olmasi nedeni ile elektrik uretmek icin bir adet yeni baraj planlamasi da yapilmistir. Butun Seydisuyu havzasinin su potansiyelini degerlendirmek icin Seydisuyu havzasinin daglik kesiminde en az bir adet yeni baraj insa edilmelidir. Seydisuyu havzasinin debi kapasitesi sadece Kucuk Hidroelektrik Santrallerin (KHS) kurulmasi icin uygundur. Bu amacla, ilk olarak, yeni rezervuarin tarihi akim verileri incelenmistir. Sonra, aylik bazdaki 21 yillik tarihi debiler analiz edilmistir. Bu yeni barajin su potansiyeli kullanilarak, 0,62 MW kurulu gucunde ve 2,17 GWh/yil elektrik uretilebilecegi hesaplanmistir.