Recep Özmerdivenli

Effects of exercise on visual evoked potentials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute or habitual exercise on visual evoked potentials (VEP). The study group consisted of 9 female and 7 male volleyball players and the control group contained 9 female and 7 male students who were not involved in any sportive activity. The N75, P100, and N145 latency and amplitudes were measured before and after exercise. Intragroup comparison was made to evaluate the acute effects and intergroup comparison for the chronic effects of exercise. Significant differences were noted between athletes and the sedentary subjects in terms of pre-exercise left-N145 latencies and amplitudes and left -P100 amplitudes. Right-eye N145 latencies of inactive female subjects obtained before and after exercise were also statistically different. The results suggest that acute and habitual exercise affects the VEP responses independent from the body temperature and other physiological parameters. Small sized pre-exercise P100 amplitudes in the athletes can be attributed to the effect of rapid visual-activity-demanding sports on the central nervous system. Visual evoked potentials maybe used as neurophysiological criteria in defining the performance of an athlete.

Comparison of the effects of acute and regular exercise on intraocular pressure in Turkish athlete and sedentarians.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes that take place in IOP in athletes and people leading sedentary lives subjected to aerobic and anaerobic exercise and how chronic exercise could affect these changes. The study included 20 sportsmen (Group 1), and 20 people leading sedentary lives (Group 2). The intensity of the exercise for both groups was determined according to the Karvonen protocol and executed as an aerobic exercise program involving running on a treadmill for 30 min. Subjects in both groups were subjected to anaerobic exercise according to the Wingate test protocol for 30 s. The intraocular pressure of all subjects before exercise and after aerobic and anaerobic exercise were measured. The IOP before and after exercise aerobic and anaerobic were evaluated by the Willcoxon test whereas the right and left IOP before exercise and after the aerobic and anaerobic exercise programs in both groups were evaluated using the Mann Whitney U test. p values of <.05 were considered significant. Significant differences were found when the pre-exercise and post-aerobic and anaerobic exercise IOPs of the groups were compared (p < .05). Comparison of the post-anaerobic and aerobic exercise revealed a fall in the IOPs of the subjects after the aerobic exercise (p < .01). In this study, exercise was found to lead to a fall in the IOP in both sportsmen and those leading sedentary lives with the fall less apparent under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions. In conclusion, therefore, it can be said that in those with an increased intraocular pressure, regular, moderately intense aerobic exercise rather than short-lived intense exercise could be more useful.

Effects of exercise on somatosensory-evoked potentials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and regular exercise on somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP). The study group was designed as 9 female and 7 male volleyball players, and the control group as 9 female and 7 male sedentary students. The P1 and P2 latency and amplitude values were measured by tibial nerve stimulation on both lower extremities in the study groups before and after exercise on a treadmill. Intra-group comparison was made to evaluate the acute effects of exercise, and inter-group comparison for the chronic effects of it. Statistically significant difference was determined in pre-exercise right P2 amplitudes and post-exercise left P2 latencies of female volleyball players and sedentary girls. There was significant difference between only the pre-exercise left P2 latency when comparison was made between the sportsmen and sedentary male subject groups. There were significant differences between the pre-exercise left P1 and P2 latency values of sportswomen and right P2 amplitudes of sedentary female subjects. There was no significant difference between left P2 latency values of sportsmen and sedentary male subjects. In conclusion, it was determined that acute and regular exercise shortened the latency of sensory-evoked potentials while decreasing their amplitudes. When evaluating the sensory-evoked potentials in electrophysiology laboratories, the exercise capacity and physical activity levels of the subjects should be considered.

Effects of Acute Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Humoral Immune Factors in Elite Athletes

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on humoral immune system parameters (IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, C4) in elite sportsman. Forty elite volleyball players and twenty healthy age-matched sedentary subjects were enrolled in this study. Subjects in the exercise group were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty athletes forming Group 1 (G1) performed 30-minutes of aerobic exercise on treadmill after determination of workload using the Karvonen protocol. Twenty athletes forming Group 2 (G2) performed anaerobic exercise for 30 seconds according to the Wingate test protocol. The sedentary subjects were enrolled as the control group. Blood samples were obtained from the control group once and five times from the exercise groups (prior to exercise, immediately post exercise, 4 hours post exercise, and two and five days after the exercise protocol). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3 and C4 levels were determined from each sample. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows; and comparisons were made using Kruskal Wallis Variance Analysis and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Initial heart rate and blood pressure values were significantly higher in the sedentary group where as IgA and IgG levels of the athletes were higher than the sedentary subjects (p<0.05). C3 and C4 values of the athletes were found to be suppressed immediately after both of the exercise protocols as compared to the pre-exercise values (p<0.05). Four hours post either exercise protocols, none of the values were significant as compared to the pre exercise values. After two and five days of aerobic exercise the IgA, IgG and IgM levels of athletes were significantly increased as compared to pre-exercise levels (p<0.05). In G2 there were no significant changes in IgA, IgG or IgM values. In conclusion, this study suggests that regularly performed moderate exercise affects hormone release and enhances some of the humoral immune system parameters (IgA, IgG or IgM) while maximal exercise stressing the organism suppresses these parameters. But, there still remains a need for further studies to fully explain the mechanism responsible for the influence of exercise on the immune system.

Protective role of melatonin on blood parameters following irradiation in rat

The aim of this study was to determine the preventive role of melatonin on several blood parameters after irradiation exposure in rats. A total of 100 adult Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups. One group was used as control and other groups were treated with 60, 90, 120 and 160 cGy/min of radiation, respectively. A dose of 4 mg/kg of melatonin was administered subcutaneously to 10 rats from each group exposed to different amounts of radiation. Saline was administered to 10 rats from the control group. 20 days after the completion of the 10-day experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for determination of erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit and thrombocyte levels. In the group that received 60 cGy-radiation, the number of erythrocytes were similar to the control group, whereas the leukocyte and thrombocyte counts were increased. In the 90 cGy-radiation exposed rats, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were low as compared to the controls. In the 120 to 160 cGy-radiation treated rats, leukocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit and thrombocyte numbers were significantly different from the control groups (P<0.01). In the radiationmelatonin administrated rats, no difference was seen in the blood parameters as compared to the control group, except for the thrombocyte numbers. The thrombocyte numbers in all experimental groups were significantly higher than the controls (P<0.05). Melatonin was effective to reverse the deleterious effects of radiation on the blood parameters in rats and this effect was found to be dosedependent. Key words: Melatonin, blood parameters, radiation.

EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE, LACTATE, F.F.A., TRIGLYCERIDES, PROLACTIN, CORTISOL AND AMYLASE IN MAXIMAL AEROBIC EXERCISE

ABSTRACT In this study the effect of caffeine (5 mg/kg) on maximal power output, lactate, blood FFA, triglyceride, amylase, prolactin and cortisol hormones was examined during a 20 m. progressive shuttle-run test at the same time of day, one week apart. Subjects were twenty male, elite, long distance athletes aged between 19–30. In each of the trials, solutions were given one hour prior to testing by Appling a single blind experimental design. Statistical analysis was carried out on the relevant data using Students T-tests. Caffeine trial was compared with the placebo. MaxVO2 values, which reflects sportive performance of the sportsman, during exercise and all parameters before exercise were not significantly different between caffeine and placebo trials (P>0.05). After exercise (6min.), values were as fallows. Systolic blood pressure values were found to be significantly higher (P=0.02) whereas blood lactic acid values were lower (P=0.01) in the caffeine trials. Heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, FFA, triglycerides, amylase, cortisol, and prolactin concentrations were not significantly different between the trials (P>0.05). As a conclusion these results suggest that orally taken caffeine amounts of 5 mg/kg or less does not affect exercise performance and are not effective as a doping substance.

The Effects of Swimming Goggles on Intraocular Pressure in Children

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of wearing swimming goggles on intraocular pressure in children. The study comprises of 20 eyes from 10 children, 4 male (40%) and 6 female (60%). The median age was 10.4 with a range of 9 to 11 years (mean age was 10.4). Before the study, the height (cm), weight (kg) and intraocular pressure values of children were measured by using two different appliances. Upon the durations of stay in water, 3 different periods were set at 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 20 minutes. Two different eye doctors measured intraocular pressure values of children with specified appliances after the end of each period and then immediately after the goggles were taken off. The average height of the children was 146.5cm ranging from 140 to 163 cm and the average weight was 42.84kg ranging from 33 to 51.6 kg. Before the goggles were worn, the average intraocular pressure value was measured at 16.5 ranging from 12 to 23 mmHg with a tono-pen and at 16.3 ranging from 11 to 22 mmHg with a non-contact tonometer for the right eye, while it was 16.6 ranging from 11 to 21 mmHg with a tono-pen and 16.2 ranging from 11 to 21mmHg with non-contact tonometer for the left eye. At the end of the first period (after 5 minutes), the average intraocular pressure value of right eye was 17.2 (12-23) mmHg measured with a tono-pen and 16.8 (12-23) mmHg measured with a non-contact tonometer, at the end of second period values were 17.0 (10-23) mmHg and 17.3 mmHg, respectively, at the end of the third period the values were 17.30 (13-24) mmHg and 17.60 (12-24) mmHg, respectively. The average intraocular pressure values of the left eye were 16.7 (11-22) mmHg and 16.3 (10-24) mmHg, respectively, at the end of second period values were 16.7 (10- 25) mmHg, 16.6 (11-23) mmHg, respectively, and at the end of the third period the values were 17.70 (13-24), 17.10 (12-23) mmHg, respectively. The researchers considered that patients with glaucoma and suspected glaucoma should use well fitting swimming goggles, which do not have overly tightened straps and a small rim diameter.

The Effects of Exercise on the Immune Parameters and Stress Hormones in Elite Sportswomen

ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim of determining the differences in the humoral immune parameters, serum ACTH and cortisol levels existing between elite sportswomen and those leading sedentary lives and the effect of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on these parameters. In this study, 40 sportswomen (Groups 1 and 2) and 20 women leading sedentary lives (Group 3) were enrolled. Twenty of the 40 sportswomen (Group 1) were made to exercise aerobically on a treadmill for 30 minutes while the other 20 women (Group 2) were subjected to the Wingate effort test for 30 minutes. Before exercising (at 8.30 a.m), at the end of the exercise, and 4 hours after exercising and on days 2 and 5 after exercising, a total of 5 blood samples each approximately 5ml were drawn from each subject. The IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 determinations were done turbidometrically. Before exercise: the mean IgA, and IgG values in the sporting groups, and the mean cortisol levels in the sedentary group were found to be significantly higher statistically (p<0.05). After Exercise: Whereas the C3 and C4 levels decreased significantly at the end of the exercsie in Group 1 (p<0.05), the IgA, IgG (p<0.05) and IgM levels (p<0.01) at the 4th and 5th determinations were observed to be significantly higher. The cortisol and ACTH levels were found to have increased significantly (p<0.05). In Group 2, no changes were observed in the IgA, IgG and IgM levels. The C3 and C4 levels however, were found to have fallen in the samples taken inmmediately following the exercise (p<0.05). In conclusion, whereas the anaerobic exercise of short duration did not lead to an increase in the cortisol and ACTH levels in the sporting women, aerobic exercise was observed to have led to changes in the parameters of the immune system by increasing the cortisol and ACTH hormone levels depending on the duration and intensity of the exercise. According the data obtained from the study we conclude that regular and moderate exercise have favorable effects on the immune system.