Regiane Albertini

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the expression of inflammatory mediators and on neutrophils and macrophages in acute joint inflammation

IntroductionInflammation of the synovial membrane plays an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). The synovial tissue of patients with initial OA is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators of joint injury. The objective was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) operating at 50 mW and 100 mW on joint inflammation in rats induced by papain, through histopathological analysis, differential counts of inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils), as well as gene expression of interleukin 1-beta and 6 (IL-1β and IL-6), and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα).MethodsMale Wistar rats (n = 60) were randomly divided into four groups of 15 animals, namely: a negative control group; an inflammation injury positive control group; a 50 mW LLLT group, subjected to injury and treated with 50 mW LLLT; and a 100 mW LLLT group, subjected to injury and treated with 100 mW LLLT. The animals were subject to joint inflammation (papain solution, 4%) and then treated with LLLT (808 nm, 4 J, 142.4 J/cm2, spot size 0.028 for both groups). On the day of euthanasia, articular lavage was collected and immediately centrifuged; the supernatant was saved for analysis of expression of TNFα protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction. A histologic examination of joint tissue was also performed. For the statistical analysis, analysis of variance with Tukeys post-hoc test was used for comparisons between each group. All data are expressed as mean values and standard deviation, with P < 0.05.ResultsLaser treatment with 50 mW was more efficient than 100 mW in reducing cellular inflammation, and decreased the expression of IL-1β and IL-6. However, the 100 mW treatment led to a higher reduction of TNFα compared with the 50 mW treatment.ConclusionsLLLT with 50 mW was more efficient in modulating inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6) and inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils), which correlated with the histology that showed a reduction in the inflammatory process.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low-Level Light Emitting Diode Therapy on Achilles Tendinitis in Rats

The present study investigated the effects of low‐level light emitting diode (LED) therapy (880 ± 10 nm) on inflammatory process in a experimental model of Achilles tendinitis induced by collagenase.

Dual Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the acute lung inflammation induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion: Action on anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines

It is unknown if pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators in acute lung inflammation induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (i‐I/R) can be modulated by low‐level laser therapy (LLLT).

Cytokine mRNA Expression Is Decreased in the Subplantar Muscle of Rat Paw Subjected to Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation after Low-Level Laser Therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy, applied at different wavelengths (660 and 684 nm), on cytokine mRNA expression after carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rat paw. Background Data: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been observed to reduce pain in inflammatory disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind this effect or whether it is wavelength-specific. Materials and Methods: The test sample consisted of 32 rats divided into four groups: A1 (control-saline), A2 (carrageenan-only), A3 (carrageenan + 660 nm laser therapy), and A4 (carrageenan + 684 nm laser therapy). The animals from groups A3 and A4 were irradiated 1 h after induction of inflammation by carrageenan injection. Continuous-wave red lasers with wavelengths of 660 and 684 nm and dose of 7.5 J/cm2 were used. Results: Both the 660 nm and 684 nm laser groups had 30%–40% lower mRNA expression for cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the...OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy, applied at different wavelengths (660 and 684 nm), on cytokine mRNA expression after carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rat paw. BACKGROUND DATA Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been observed to reduce pain in inflammatory disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind this effect or whether it is wavelength-specific. MATERIALS AND METHODS The test sample consisted of 32 rats divided into four groups: A(1) (control-saline), A(2) (carrageenan-only), A(3) (carrageenan + 660 nm laser therapy), and A(4) (carrageenan + 684 nm laser therapy). The animals from groups A(3) and A(4) were irradiated 1 h after induction of inflammation by carrageenan injection. Continuous-wave red lasers with wavelengths of 660 and 684 nm and dose of 7.5 J/cm(2) were used. RESULTS Both the 660 nm and 684 nm laser groups had 30%-40% lower mRNA expression for cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in the paw muscle tissue than the carrageenan-only control group. Cytokine measurements were made 3 h after laser irradiation of the paw muscle, and all cytokine differences between the carrageenan-only control group and the LLLT groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS LLLT at the 660-nm and 684-nm wavelengths administered to inflamed rat paw tissue at a dose of 7.5 J/cm(2) reduce cytokine mRNA expression levels within 3 h in the laser-irradiated tissue.

Low level laser therapy (LLLT): Attenuation of cholinergic hyperreactivity, β2-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and TNF-α mRNA expression in rat bronchi segments in E. coli lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation by a NF-κB dependent mechanism

It is unknown if the decreased ability to relax airways smooth muscles in asthma and other inflammatory disorders, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), can be influenced by low level laser therapy (LLLT) irradiation. In this context, the present work was developed in order to investigate if LLLT could reduce dysfunction in inflamed bronchi smooth muscles (BSM) in rats.

Effect of Low‐Level Laser Therapy (660 nm) on Acute Inflammation Induced by Tenotomy of Achilles Tendon in Rats

In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT; 660 nm) on levels of protein expression of inflammatory mediators after cutting Achilles tendon of rats. Thirty Wistar male rats underwent partial incisions of the left Achilles tendon, and were divided into three groups of 10 animals according to the time of euthanasia after injury: 6, 24 and 72 h. Each group was then divided into control group and LLLT group (treated with 100 mW, 3.57 W cm−2, 0.028 cm2, 214 J cm−2, 6 J, 60 s, single point). In LLLT group, animals were treated once time per day until the time of euthanasia established for each group. The group treated with LLLT showed a significant reduction of IL‐1β compared with control groups at three time points (6 h: P = 0.0401; 24 h: P = 0.0015; 72 h: P = 0.0463). The analysis of IL‐6 showed significant reduction only in the LLLT group at 72 h compared with control group (P = 0.0179), whereas IL‐10 showed a significant increase in the treated group compared with control group at three experimental times (6 h: P = 0.0007; 24 h: P = 0.0256; 72 h: P < 0.0001). We conclude that LLLT is an important modulator of inflammatory cytokines release after injury in Achilles tendon.

Low intensity laser therapy (LILT) in vivo acts on the neutrophils recruitment and chemokines/cytokines levels in a model of acute pulmonary inflammation induced by aerosol of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli in rat

It has been suggested that low intensity laser therapy (LILT) acts on pulmonary inflammation. Thus, we investigate in this work if LILT (650nm, 2.5mW, 31.2mW/cm(2), 1.3J/cm(2), laser spot size of 0.08cm(2) and irradiation time of 42s) can attenuate edema, neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory mediators in acute lung inflammation. Thirty-five male Wistar rats (n=7 per group) were distributed in the following experimental groups: control, laser, LPS, LPS+laser and dexamethasone+LPS. Airway inflammation was measured 4h post-LPS challenge. Pulmonary microvascular leakage was used for measuring pulmonary edema. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were used for measuring neutrophil recruitment and activation. RT-PCR was performed in lung tissue to assess mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin (IL-10), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Protein levels in both BALF and lung were determined by ELISA. LILT inhibited pulmonary edema and endothelial cytoskeleton damage, as well as neutrophil influx and activation. Similarly, the LILT reduced the TNF-α and IL-1β, in lung and BALF. LILT prevented lung ICAM-1 up-regulation. The rise of CINC-1 and MIP-2 protein levels in both lung and BALF, and the lung mRNA expressions for IL-10, were unaffected. Data suggest that the LILT effect is due to the inhibition of ICAM-1 via the inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β.

Low-Level Laser Therapy Restores the Oxidative Stress Balance in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Gut Ischemia and Reperfusion

It remains unknown if the oxidative stress can be regulated by low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) in lung inflammation induced by intestinal reperfusion (i‐I/R). A study was developed in which rats were irradiated (660 nm, 30 mW, 5.4 J) on the skin over the bronchus and euthanized 2 h after the initial of intestinal reperfusion. Lung edema and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils were measured by the Evans blue extravasation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity respectively. Lung histology was used for analyzing the injury score. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by fluorescence. Both expression intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐y (PPARy) were measured by RT‐PCR. The lung immunohistochemical localization of ICAM‐1 was visualized as a brown stain. Both lung HSP70 and glutathione protein were evaluated by ELISA. LLLT reduced neatly the edema, neutrophils influx, MPO activity and ICAM‐1 mRNA expression. LLLT also reduced the ROS formation and oppositely increased GSH concentration in lung from i‐I/R groups. Both HSP70 and PPARy expression also were elevated after laser irradiation. Results indicate that laser effect in attenuating the acute lung inflammation is driven to restore the balance between the pro‐ and antioxidants mediators rising of PPARy expression and consequently the HSP70 production.

Differentiating Normal and Basal Cell Carcinoma Human Skin Tissues In Vitro Using Dispersive Raman Spectroscopy: A Comparison Between Principal Components Analysis and Simplified Biochemical Models

OBJECTIVE Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect spectral differences between normal and basocellular cell carcinoma (BCC) skin tissues that are related to biochemical alterations between tissues. BACKGROUND DATA Raman spectroscopy is an analytic tool that could detect biochemical alterations in tissues, and its use would lead to real-time and less-invasive cancer diagnosis. METHODS Raman spectra from human tissue fragments (normal and BCC) were obtained in a dispersive, near-infrared Raman spectrometer (laser parameters: 830 nm, 80 mW) with a CCD detector. Spectral changes between normal and BCC were analyzed with a principal components analysis (PCA) algorithm and a simplified biochemical model based on the relative amount of collagen and cell fat extracted from tissue Raman spectra. RESULTS Main spectral differences between these samples were in the region of 800 to 1,000 per centimeter and 1,200 to 1,300 per centimeter, corresponding to vibrational bands from lipids and proteins (C-C bonds and amide III, respectively). The diagnostic algorithm based on PCA and Mahalanobis distance applied to the scores of principal components vectors PC1 and PC2 could identify tissue with sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 93%, respectively, for the training group and 96% and 92% for the prospective group. The simplified biochemical model for collagen amount had sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 83% for the training group and 87% and 92% for the prospective group. CONCLUSIONS Raman spectroscopy could differentiate between normal and BCC tissues in both the PCA and biochemical models, showing higher sensitivity and specificity for the PCA model, although the simplified biochemical model is easier to implement.

Comparative Study of the Topical Application of Aloe Vera Gel, Therapeutic Ultrasound and Phonophoresis on the Tissue Repair in Collagenase-Induced Rat Tendinitis

The aim of our study was to compare topical use of Aloe vera gel, pulsed mode ultrasound (US) and Aloe vera phonophoresis on rat paw with collagenase-induced tendinitis. Edema size, tensile tendon strength, tendon elasticity, number of inflammatory cells and tissue histology were studied at 7 and 14 days after tendinitis induction. Pulse mode US parameters were: 1 MHz frequency, 100 Hz repetition rate, 10% duty cycle, and 0.5 W/cm(2) intensity, applied for 2 min each session. A 0.5 mL of Aloe vera gel at 2% concentration was applied for 2 min per session, topically and by phonophoresis. Topical application of Aloe vera gel did not show any statistically significant improvement in the inflammatory process, whereas phonophoresis enhanced the gel action reducing edema and number of inflammatory cells, promoting the rearrangement of collagen fibers and promoting also the recovery of the tensile strength and elasticity of the inflamed tendon to recover their normal pre-injury status. Results seem to indicate that Aloe vera phonophoresis is a promising technique for tendinitis treatment, without the adverse effect provoked by systemic anti-inflammatory drugs.