Reginald Appleyard

Migration and development: myths and reality.

Recent research on the impact of labor migration on the socioeconomic development of developing countries has provided opportunity to try and resolve some of the long-standing polemics that have pervaded the literature on migration and development. This article focuses on findings concerning the labor, remittance and social impacts of emigration oh countries that have participated in labor emigration. While a great deal more research needs to be done, recent findings confirm that in some situations the short-term impacts of labor migration on sending countries have been considerable.

Emigration dynamics in developing countries.

This paper describes the research objectives and summarizes first-stage findings of a joint project of the International Organization for Migration and the UN Population Fund on emigration dynamics in developing countries. The paper was prepared for a conference in Bellagio organized to allow academics, policy-makers, and officials to evaluate the first-stage findings and to appraise the stage-two research proposals. The research methodology developed at a 1993 project launching meeting held in Geneva drew on demographic transition theory and involves inclusion in the research framework of economic; demographic; community, family, and individual; and sociopolitical variables which would provide a dynamic understanding of why different migration flows were occurring and allow projections of various types of future migration. In addition, the research was to explain all types of migration, with disaggregation by type provided. The first stage of research (reported at this conference) was devoted to obtaining and assembling data on the factors known to influence emigration dynamics. The second stage will be devoted to attempts to measure the interaction among variables in a specific region. The first-stage findings are summarized in this paper for sub-Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and Central America and the Caribbean. This paper ends by noting that this research takes the same direction as objectives cited in the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Developments (ICPD) Programme for Action. The evaluation of the proposal of second-stage research will include ways to maximize the concordance of that research with the goals of the ICPD.

British emigration to Australia

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International Migration Policies: 1950-2000

Policies on international migration since the Second World War reflect the enormous changes in economic, social and political situations around the world. The implications of changes in the volume and composition of international migration have increasingly become an issue of major concern to governments in all countries. Following emigration from Europe to countries of the New World as a result of war-damaged economies, reconstruction witnessed high demand for migrant labour, mainly from parts of southern Europe. But by the early 1970s, decline in economic growth, unexpected impacts of the guest-worker scheme, and an increase in refugees from Third World countries led, in due course, to an era of restriction on entry of asylum-seekers and tighter controls over undocumented migration to developed countries. A “new era” evolved during the 1990s, characterized by growing interdependence of major economic powers. Globalization led not only to a significant demand for highly-skilled and professional workers, but also to decision-making on some aspects of the migration process being transferred from the national to the regional level, and an increase in the influence of multinational corporations. The globalization process, and the growing influence of international trade regimes, may well represent the first steps towards a new “international migration regime” that incorporates all types of migration.

International Manpower Flows in Asia: An Overview

Significant differentials in demographic and economic variables shape the nature, extent and direction of economic migration within the diverse Asian region. The Middle East and North Africa have been prime destinations for temporary labor from Asia. However, intra-Asian migration is increasing, characterized by movement of labor from countries at earlier stages of demographic and economic transition to the rapidly growing economies of the region. This article presents a country-by-country overview of historical, economic and sociodemographic variables; statistical data and assessments of the nature and impact of migration; and future trends. Regions covered include: 1) South Asia and the Indian Ocean Islands, 2) Southeast Asia, 3) Northeast Asia.

Migration and Development: A Critical Relationship

Wide income differentials, the threat of increased illegal immigration from developing countries, and sub-replacement fertility in the developed countries are some reasons for the recent reassessment of the relationship between migration and development. New theoretical models have emerged to identify migrations role in transitional sequences of economic and political evolution. The task of government is to integrate migration into its program for socio-economic development. The model presented in this article proposes different roles for permanent immigrants, contract workers, professional transients, illegal migrants and others according to the stages of modernization of the sending and receiving countries. The model was found consistent with the experiences of Mauritius, Seychelles, Singapore and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia.

The return movement of United Kingdom migrants from Australia

Abstract The absence of reliable estimates of the return movement of United Kingdom migrants from Australia reflects not only the difficulty of formulating a suitable theoretical concept but also the inadequacy of official migration statistics. Both these factors are discussed in this paper and, on the basis of supplementary official data, it has been cautiously estimated that the average of annual rates of return between 1955 and 1960 was 14.8 per cent, although specific annual rates rose rapidly after 1957 to probably 19.2 per cent for the first three quarters of 1960. The socio-economic characteristics of returned migrant workers have been examined by a sample survey of re-registrations for National Insurance during 1959. It reveals that 81 per cent of workers were under 46 years of age, 76 per cent had occupations in the professional, intermediate and skilled social classes and 67 per cent had been in Australia for less than four years.

Trends in International Migration in the 1990s and Beyond

Which of us, a decade ago, could have foreseen during the ensuing decade the sudden departure of hundreds of thousands of contract workers from Kuwait in 1991; the arrival in the West in 1989 of 1.3 million persons from eastern Europe; legislation just passed in the Soviet Parliament that could see new major migration streams to Israel and the West; the ‘formal’ resolution of illegal migration from Mexico to the U.S.; the sharp increase after 1983 in the number of asylum seekers and illegal workers, especially in Europe but also in South East Asia; the entry of thousands of skilled and unskilled workers into the then impoverished small island country of Maldives after the mid 1980s to service that country’s rapid economic growth; South Africa’s new policy concerning migrant workers from nearby countries; and, perhaps most remarkable of all, Japan presently hosting an estimated 300,000 foreign workers?