Renan Stoll Moraes

Alcohol intake and blood pressure: the importance of time elapsed since last drink.

Background A positive association of chronic exposure to alcoholic beverages with blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension has been described in epidemiological surveys, but the influence of time elapsed since last ingestion in this setting was not demonstrated. Design A cross-sectional, population-based survey. Methods In total 1089 adults from Porto Alegre, randomly selected from a population-based, multi-stage probability sample, were interviewed at home. The average daily alcohol intake of each subject was calculated taking into account the concentration of ethanol in the beverages (distilled or fermented beverages), and the time elapsed between the last ingestion of ethanol and the moment of blood pressure determination. Standardized sitting blood pressure and anthropometric parameters were collected. The magnitude and shape of the associations were analyzed considering blood pressure as a continuous variable and the prevalence of arbitrarily defined hypertension. Simple and multiple linear regression models, including models to identify nonlinear associations, with quadratic and cubic terms of the amount of alcohol consumed, were employed. Blood pressure means were compared by analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. The association between hypertension and exposure to ethanol was analyzed through logistic regression models, controlling for various potential confounders. Results Positive nonlinear associations of the amount of alcohol consumed with blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension (≥160/95 mmHg) were found, independent of age, years of education, smoking, and use of oral contraceptive and antihypertensive drugs. The consumption of 30 g/day ethanol was associated with increases of 1.5 and 2.3 mmHg in diastolic and systolic blood pressures, respectively, for men, and 2.1 and 3.2 mmHg, respectively, for women. The prevalence of hypertension was higher among those ingesting more than 30 g/day (odds ratio = 2.9, P < 0.01). The time elapsed between the last ingestion and blood pressure measurement was independently associated with the prevalence of hypertension. Men with last consumption of alcohol 13–23 h prior to measurement had odds of being hypertensive 2.6 (confidence interval 1.3–5.0) greater than did subjects who had consumed alcoholic beverages 24 h and more before the blood pressure determination. For men, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower during the first 3 h after ingestion and increased afterward. Frequency of consumption and type of beverage consumed were not independently associated with level of blood pressure. Conclusion A time-dependent association between alcohol consumption and effects on blood pressure, demonstrated in experimental studies, was found for free-living individuals selected at random.

Migraine is more frequent in individuals with optimal and normal blood pressure: a population-based study

Background The notion that hypertension causes headache is widely accepted despite the absence of confirmation by well-designed studies. Objective To investigate the association between headache, characterized as tension type and migraine like, with blood pressure and hypertension. Methods In a cross-sectional study we evaluate this association in a sample of 1174 individuals older than 17 years, representative of inhabitants of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Headache and its subtypes were defined according to International Headache Society criteria. Hypertension was defined as the mean of two blood pressure readings ⩾140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs. Results Headache in lifetime, in the last year, and defined as episodic and chronic tension-type headache was not associated with hypertension. Individuals with optimal or normal blood pressure (Sixth Joint National Committee criteria) complained of migraine more frequently than the participants with high-normal blood pressure or hypertension. This association persisted after adjustment for several potential confounding factors (risk ratio, 0.56; confidence interval, 0.41–0.77). Conclusion Our findings confirm that high blood pressure is not associated with the complaint of headache in the population. Individuals with migraine-like episodes of headache may have lower blood pressure than individuals without headache.

Associação entre diferentes indicadores de obesidade e prevalência de hipertensão arterial

PURPOSE To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio and waist circumference with the prevalence of hypertension in a representative sample of 1088 adults of Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. METHODS In this cross-sectional survey, subjects were considered as having hypertension if they had systolic blood pressure > or = 160 mmHg or diastolic > or = 90 mmHg, and were considered obese if they had BMI > or = 27 kg/m2, or had a waist-hip-ratio > or = 0.95 cm (men) or 0.80 (women) or had a waist circumference > or = 96 (men) or 92 (women). RESULTS Obesity defined by the BMI was associated with hypertension in both genders (RR 1.9, CI 1.0-3.2 in men; RR 2.2, CI 1.3-3.8 in women). The other indices were significantly associated with hypertension just in women. CONCLUSION BMI > or = 27.0 kg/m2 was strongly associated with increased odds to have hypertension. Similar magnitude of the association with the other indices indicate their utility to estimate the risk of hypertension.PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio and waist circumference with the prevalence of hypertension in a representative sample of 1088 adults of Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey, subjects were considered as having hypertension if they had systolic blood pressure ³160mmHg or diastolic³90mmHg, and were considered obese if they had BMI ³27kg/m2, or had a waist-hip-ratio ³0.95cm (men) or 0.80 (women) or had a waist circumference ³96 (men) or 92 (women). RESULTS: Obesity defined by the BMI was associated with hypertension in both genders (RR 1.9, CI 1.0 - 3.2 in men; RR 2.2, CI 1.3 - 3.8 in women). The other indices were significantly associated with hypertension just in women. CONCLUSION: BMI ³ 27.0kg/m2 was strongly associated with increased odds to have hypertension. Similar magnitude of the association with the other indices indicate their utility to estimate the risk of hypertension.

Prevalência de tabagismo e fatores associados em área metropolitana da região Sul do Brasil

A cross-sectional study was carried out for the purpose of evaluating, the prevalence of smoking and the factors associated with it in Porto Alegre, a city in southern Brazilian. Through proportional, multiple stage, random sampling, 1.091 individuals (92% of those eligible) of 18 or more years of age, were interviewed at home. Exposure to smoking was measured by a questionnaire that inquired about the type, quantity and frequency of tobacco use. The prevalence of smoking was 34.9% (CI 31.9-37.8). It was higher -among men--41.5% (CI 38.5-44.4) then women--29.5% (CI 26.8-32.2). The former started smoking at mean age of 16 (+/- 5.6), with mode of 15 and smoked an average of 19.0 (+/- 14.0) cigarettes per day. Females started at a mean age of 17.8 (+/- 6.7), with mode of 14 years old and smoked 14.5 (+/- 10.3). The association of the drinking habit and demographic and socioeconomic variables with smoking was evaluated through logistic regression. The variables included in the model were sex, age, education, income, professional qualification and alcohol consumption. The prevalence of smoking was greater for men, individuals of lower socioeconomic level, between 30 and 39 years of age, and among those accustomed to consuming alcoholic beverages. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that smoking is a public health problem in Brazil as in another countries. It is associated with sex, age, education and professional qualification, as has been observed elsewhere. The association of alcohol consumption with smoking may be understood as risk behavior, both having similar determinants.Com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalencia de tabagismo em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, e os fatores associados, executou-se estudo observacional, de delineamento transversal e base populacional. Atraves de amostragem aleatoria proporcional, por estagios multiplos e conglomerados, selecionaram-se 1.091 individuos, a partir de 18 anos, que responderam a um questionario, em entrevista domiciliar. Aferiu-se o habito de fumar atraves de perguntas dirigidas ao tipo de fumo, frequencia e tempo de exposicao. A prevalencia foi de 34,9% (IC 31,9 - 37,8), sendo de 41,5% (IC 38,5 - 44,4) entre os homens e 29,5% (IC 26,8 - 32,2) entre as mulheres. O inicio foi, em media, aos 16 (±5,6) e 17,8 (±6,7) anos, com moda de 15 e 14 anos, respectivamente. Os homens fumavam 19,0 ± 14,0 cigarros por dia e as mulheres 14,5 ± 10,3. Analisaram-se as associacoes atraves de regressao logistica, incluindo-se no modelo sexo, idade, educacao, renda, qualificacao profissional e consumo de alcool. O habito de fumar foi mais frequente entre os homens, individuos de menor nivel socioeconomico, dos 30 aos 39 anos, e entre os usuarios de bebidas alcoolicas. Conclui-se que o tabagismo e frequente em Porto Alegre, constituindo-se problema de saude publica similar ao referido pela literatura. O consumo de alcool deve estar associado ao fumo por serem ambos comportamentos de risco, com determinantes comuns.

Blood pressure effects of antihypertensive drugs and changes in lifestyle in a Brazilian hypertensive cohort

Background The antihypertensive efficacy of drug therapy and of some nonpharmacologic recommendations has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials, but not in a clinical setting. Objective To assess the antihypertensive effectiveness of drug therapy and of three nonpharmacologic recommendations (loss of weight, salt-intake restriction, and physical exercise). Design A prospectively planned cohort study. Setting A hospital-based hypertensive outpatient clinic. Patients We studied 637 patients (65.5% women) with systolic blood pressures above 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressures above 90 mmHg, corresponding to 76% of 839 patients who were administered a prescription for hypertension and who returned for the first follow-up visit 3.5 months later on average. Methods The nonpharmacologic prescription consisted of salt-intake restriction for all, weight reduction for overweight patients, and practice of aerobic physical exercise for those for whom it was not contraindicated; 60% of the patients were treated with drugs according to standard recommendations. Patients treated with drugs were compared with untreated subjects; for the nonpharmacologic interventions, the groups were compared according to their reported compliances with the recommendations (at least some compliance versus none). The main outcome measures were variations in systolic and diastolic blood pressures between the baseline evaluation and the first follow-up visit and an improvement in prognosis, represented by a favorable change in the classification of the blood pressure (according to Joint National Committee V criteria). Results The cohort constituted predominantly low-income, middle-aged, overweight white women, with low-to-moderate hypertension of long duration. The group treated with drugs exhibited the greatest reduction in blood pressure, with clinical significance even discounting the losses in follow-up; the group of patients who reported compliance with the low-energy-intake diet also showed a consistent antihypertensive effect, which was still detectable on the occasion of the third follow-up visit 9 months after the first prescription; reported compliance with a low-sodium diet and practice of physical exercise were not associated with a reduction in blood pressure; among a subset of the patients, reported compliance with the salt-intake-restricted diet did not reduce the amount of sodium to the theoretical antihypertensive threshold. It was not possible to determine whether the lack of an antihypertensive effect of physical exercise for this cohort was secondary to a misreport of the extent of compliance or to an absence of effect of the intensity of training prescribed. The effects of drug therapy and compliance with a low-energy-intake diet were shown to be independent of other interventions or confounders. Conclusion The antihypertensive effect of drugs demonstrated in well-controlled clinical trials is achievable in clinical practice. The recommendation to lose weight was the only nonpharmacologic intervention with a detectable antihypertensive effect in this cohort. The absence of effect of a low-sodium diet is probably secondary to the insufficient reduction in the amount of salt consumed. The lack of an antihypertensive effect of physical exercise could reflect either a misreported compliance or an absence of effect of the intensity of training recommended in this study.

Absence of Association between Hypertension and Epistaxis: a Population-based Study

The association between epistaxis and hypertension is still disputed. In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated this association in a sample of 1174 individuals older than 18 years, representative of inhabitants of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Epistaxis was defined as any episode of non-traumatic nosebleeding after 18 years of age. Hypertension was defined as the mean of two blood pressure readings ≥160/95 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive drugs. The prevalence of epistaxis and hypertension were 14.7% (95% confidence interval, CI 12.7-16.7) and 24.1% (95% CI 21.7-26.6), respectively. History of epistaxis in the adulthood (risk ratio = 1.24, 95% CI 0.83-1.85), and in the previous 6 months (risk ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.40-1.56; p = 0.510) were not associated with hypertension after controlling for gender, age, race, history of allergic rhinitis or nasal abnormalities, alcohol abuse, smoking and years of study. History of epistaxis was positively associated with history of allergic rhinitis and inversely associated with years at school. In conclusion, we demonstrated that hypertension is not associated with history of epistaxis in the adulthood in free-living individuals.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Brazilian population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a population-based Brazilian cohort. DESIGN AND METHODS A cohort study was conducted with 1091 individuals identified through multi-stage probability sampling in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Risk factors were investigated among demographic and anthropometric characteristics, including education, smoking habits, income, alcoholic beverage consumption, and blood pressure. A fatal or non-fatal episode of myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure, and cases of sudden death comprised the composite endpoint. RESULTS Vital status was determined in 982 (90.0%) of the participants of the original cohort after 6.0+/-1.7 years of follow-up. A total of 52 individuals presented a cardiovascular event. Male gender (hazard ratio (HR) 2.01, 95% CI 1.03-3.91), systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04) and alcohol consumption (g/day) (HR 1.001, 95% CI 1.00-1.003) were associated with the incidence of CVD after controlling for confounding. Body mass index (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.99-1.11) and current or previous smoking (HR 1.65, 95% CI 0.83-3.26) showed a trend for a positive association. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that male gender, systolic blood pressure, obesity and smoking are risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Brazilian population. The positive association between alcohol consumption and incident CVD was unexpected and deserves replication.

Diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica: evidências de que os critérios contemporâneos devem ser revistos

It has been recommended to take the average of several blood pressure (BP) determinations with a sphygmomanometer to diagnose hypertension, but there is no agreement on the reading numbers. PURPOSE. Describing the behavior of BP readings taken in three different days to establish the classificatory BP in an outpatient hypertension clinic. METHOD. In the outpatient hypertension clinic of the Clinical Pharmacology Division of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, we use the mean of six readings taken in three different days to establish the classificatory blood pressure, except for those with very high or low values in the first day. In this report we describe the behavior of BP in 58 patients submitted to this routine. RESULTS. The mean of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures decreased from the first to the 6th reading (ANOVA for repeated measurements: F = 4.45, P = 0.001 for SBP and F = 5.54, P < 0.001 for DBP). Afterward, the patients were classified into two groups according their first SBP and DBP reading. The decreasing in both SBP and DBP was confined to those with the first measurement in the upper half of the entire group (ANOVA: F = 8.03; P < 0.0001 for SBP and F = 6.33, P <0.0001 for DBP). Regression to the mean and some reactiveness in the first day are possible explanations for this. CONCLUSION. These data corroborate that the hypertension diagnosis should not be based in an single blood pressure determination and suggest that the recommendation to diagnose severe hypertension based on high values in the first two read-ings could misclassify some patients.