Renata Różyło

Anticancer and antioxidant activity of bread enriched with broccoli sprouts.

This study is focused on antioxidant and anticancer capacity of bread enriched with broccoli sprouts (BS) in the light of their potential bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Generally, bread supplementation elevated antioxidant potential of product (both nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant capacities); however, the increase was not correlated with the percent of BS. A replacement up to 2% of BS gives satisfactory overall consumers acceptability and desirable elevation of antioxidant potential. High activity was especially found for extracts obtained after simulated digestion, which allows assuming their protective effect for upper gastrointestinal tract; thus, the anticancer activity against human stomach cancer cells (AGS) was evaluated. A prominent cytostatic response paralleled by the inhibition of AGS motility in the presence of potentially mastication-extractable phytochemicals indicates that phenolic compounds of BS retain their biological activity in bread. Importantly, the efficient phenolics concentration was about 12 μM for buffer extract, 13 μM for extracts after digestion in vitro, and 7 μM for extract after absorption in vitro. Our data confirm chemopreventive potential of bread enriched with BS and indicate that BS comprise valuable food supplement for stomach cancer chemoprevention.

Predicting Bread Quality (Bread Loaf Volume and Crumb Texture)

Predicting Bread Quality (Bread Loaf Volume and Crumb Texture) The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of flour and dough alveograph properties in simultaneous determination of bread loaf volume and crumb texture. Ten Polish spring wheat cultivars were used in this study. Flour was determined for protein content, wet gluten content, gluten elasticity, Zeleny sedimentation volume, falling number, and ash content. Alveograph properties of the dough were strength, tenacity, extensibility, and elasticity resistance. After the straight dough bread making test, the loaf volume and breadcrumb texture were measured. Textural properties of the breadcrumbs were tested by texture profile analysis (TPA). The parameters recorded were hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess. The results were analysed statistically to develop effective predictive models, the stepwise regression procedure and canonical analysis were applied. The results from the experimental tests indicated that among the variables, the flour protein content, the Zeleny sedimentation index, the flour falling number, and dough strength were the main factors affecting the textural properties of the breadcrumb alone and with the bread loaf volume. The results showed that a combination of several flour and dough alveograph properties could predict bread quality.

Grinding and Nutritional Properties of Six Spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) Cultivars

ABSTRACT Some physical, technological, nutritional, and nutraceutical determinants of six spelt varieties were evaluated. The grains were characterized by similar grain hardness and gave similar breakage patterns on a hammer mill and relatively low grinding energy requirements. The highest protein content was determined for Spelt I.N.Z. and Schwabenkorn (155 mg/g db), whereas the lowest was for Ceralio (98 mg/g db). The total starch content in tested cultivars averaged about 500 mg/g db; however, significant differences were observed for resistant and potentially bioavailable starch. The highest starch digestibility was observed for Ostro, Schwabenspelz, and Spelt I.N.Z. (about 45%), whereas the lowest was for Ceralio (about 33%). Chemically extractable total phenolic compounds content did not differ between cultivars. When flavonoids contents were compared, however, significant differences were observed; their contents ranged from 0.61 to 2.12 mg/g db (Spelt I.N.Z. and Schwabenkorn, respectively). The ab...

Physical properties of gluten-free bread caused by water addition

Abstract In this paper, we propose for the first time a description (regression and canonical form) of the changes in the physical properties of several types of natural gluten-free bread produced with different amounts of water in the recipe. Five types of bread, made of corn flour (100%), rice flour (100%), corn and rice flour (50:50%), buckwheat, corn, and rice flour (30:35:35%), were investigated. It has been noticed that, by changing the amount of water addition to the dough, it is possible to significantly affect the quality of different types of natural gluten-free bread. Addition of water from 80 to 120% of flour mass, resulted in significant changes in the quality of bread. Bread made of corn flour required the largest amount of water addition (120%); however, bread made of rice flour was characterized by a better quality with the lowest amount of water addition (80%), while bread made of corn and rice flour and buckwheat, corn, and rice flour were characterized by the best quality when the amount of water addition was 90%. Changes in the physical properties of bread were described as second degree polynomial regression equations or by linear regression and the canonical form was proposed.

Evaluation of physical, sensorial, and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread enriched with Moringa Oleifera leaf powder

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder addition on physical, sensorial, and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread. Moringa leaf powder (MLP) was incorporated at different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10% in basic replacement) in gluten-free bread. The results revealed that addition more than 2.5% decreased the specific volume of bread. The hardness and chewiness of bread slightly decreased with 2.5 and 10% MLP addition, whereas springiness was not affected by MLP. For sensory evaluation, the most acceptable gluten-free bread was obtained for control bread and bread with 2.5% MLP. The lightness of crumb and crust decreased with increasing of MLP from 63.37 to 27.59 and from 52.40 to 33.49, respectively. The total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of extracts increased with the addition of MLP. The addition of MLP already for 2.5% resulted in large increase in the content of TPC (from 0.88 to 2.12 GAE/g dw). The high activity for DPPH scavenging was found for 7.5% and for 10% of MLP addition. For ABTS scavenging capacity, the high activity was for 5.0, 7.5, and 10%. Regarding RED and OH scavenging capacity, gluten-free breads with MLP from 2.5 to 10% presented significantly higher activity (RED from 32.92 to 21.56 and OH scavenging from 54.38 to 47.31 EC50 mg dw comparing to control bread (40.02; 90.81 EC50 mg dw/ml, respectively). Taking into account both the sensory evaluation and antioxidant activity, the addition of MFP should not exceed 5%.

Study on the physical and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread with brown algae

ABSTRACT The aim of the work was to determine the influence of brown algae on the physical, antioxidant, and sensorial properties when added directly into the gluten-free bread (GFB) recipe. Algae powder was added in the amounts of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the total flour content. Compared to the control bread, a larger volume was obtained using 4% of algae. With an increased content of brown algae, significant changes were noted in the color of the breadcrumb. Favorable changes in the texture were also observed. Brown algae addition significantly increased the antioxidant activity of GFB. Most importantly, antiradical compounds from the functional products were highly bioaccessible in vitro. The results confirm the possibility of the use of brown algae powder in the production of GFB. Because of the unpleasant taste on over-addition, the acceptable GFB can be obtained by adding 2% or 4% of the algae.

Winter wheat fertilized with biogas residue and mining waste: yielding and the quality of grain.

BACKGROUND Environmental protection problems and efforts to increase agricultural productivity result in attempts to use various organic and mineral wastes as fertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effect of biogas residue (BR) and mining waste (MS) fertilization on wheat yield as well as the nutritional and pro-health quality of grains produced. RESULTS After the application of MS and BR wheat grain yield was increased compared to unfertilized wheat. The highest grain yield and thousand-grain weight were obtained after MS+BR fertilization. Grains of wheat fertilized with BR and MS+BR contained significantly more protein and wet gluten compared to no fertilization and conventional fertilization (NPK). The studied conditions did not statistically affect starch content. BR fertilization significantly increased the total phenolic content; however, grains of wheat fertilized with NPK were characterized by the highest content of flavonoids and syringic, p-coumaric and sinapic acids. Compared to NPK, waste fertilizations positively affect the reducing power and antiradical activity of wheat. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the wastes evaluated can be an alternative to conventional fertilization in the soil tested that without any significant deterioration and in some cases significant improvement of yield and wheat quality.

Drying and Grinding Characteristics of Four-Day-Germinated and Crushed Wheat: A Novel Approach for Producing Sprouted Flour

The purpose of this study was to examine the drying and grinding characteristics of sprouted and crushed wheat. The four-day-germinated wheat kernels were crushed, dried, and ground in a micro hammer mill. The drying kinetics of sprouts were best described by the Page and two-factor models. The crushing of wheat sprouts before drying decreased the drying time by about half. Sprouting and crushing of wheat sprouts have a significant influence on the grinding process, both on the particle size distribution and on the grinding energy requirements. It was observed that the ground sprouts showed significantly lower values of average particle size compared with the samples of sound kernels. Sprouting caused an increase in the amount of fine particles ( 1.0 mm). All values of grinding indices showed that sprouting and crushing significantly reduced the grinding energy requirements. Moreover, sprouting significantly increased the total phenolics co...

Simulation of the process kinetics and analysis of physicochemical properties in the freeze drying of kale

Abstract Investigations were performed to study the freeze-drying process of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var acephala). The process of freeze-drying was performed at temperatures of 20, 40, and 60°C for whole pieces of leaves and for pulped leaves. The kinetics of the freeze-drying of both kale leaves and kale pulp were best described by the Page model. The increasing freeze-drying temperature from 20 to 60°C induced an approximately two-fold decrease in the drying time. Freeze-drying significantly increased the value of the lightness, delta Chroma, and browning index of kale, and had little influence on the hue angle. The highest increase in the lightness and delta Chroma was observed for whole leaves freeze-dried at 20°C. An increase in the drying temperature brought about a slight decrease in the lightness, delta Chroma and the total colour difference. Pulping decreased the lightness and hue angle, and increased browning index. Freeze-drying engendered a slight decrease in the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity, in comparison to fresh leaves. The temperature of the process and pulping had little influence on the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of dried kale, but significantly decreased the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

Physical and antioxidant properties of gluten-free bread enriched with carob fibre

Abstract There are no reports of addition of carob fibre to gluten-free bread, as only carob germ flour was used. The research task was to determine what level of carob fibre can be used and how it influences the physical and sensorial properties of gluten-free bread. Especially, the knowledge of the antioxidant properties of such bread is very valuable. The gluten-free bread from rice, corn, and buckwheat flour (35:35:30%) was prepared after mixing (5 min), proofing (40 min, 30°C), and baking (45-50 min, 230°C) of dough. Carob fibre was added in the amounts of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% of the total flour content. The results showed that increased content of carob fibre induced significant and favourable changes in the volume, colour, and texture (hardness and springiness) of the bread crumb. Carob fibre enriched the breads with lipophilic compounds able to chelate metal ions. The activity of hydrophilic compounds was significantly higher in the case of control bread and bread with the lowest percentage of the additive. In conclusion, the highest increase in antioxidant activity was found for breads with 1 and 2% of carob fibre. The most acceptable gluten-free bread can be obtained by adding up to 2% of carob.