Renáta Varga

Developmental Data on a French Sociolinguistic Variable: Post-Consonantal Word-Final /R/.

To begin, we review three theoretical problem areas in the field of research into phonological variation in children. Next, we present the results of a cross-sectional study of two groups of children, aged 6 to 7 years and 10 to 12 years, relating to the deletion of post-consonantal word-final 0R0 in French (production and judgments of acceptability). In an experimental study, we then examine the mechanism involved in the learning of words with a variable0R0. Finally, the interpretation of the results within the framework of a cognitive conception of variation leads us to four conclusions: (i) children have a tendency to copy adult surface forms rather than to encode a variable rule; (ii) orthography causes the late encoding of certain variable 0R0s; (iii) the establishment of linguistic factors precedes that of social factors; and (iv) age-related changes are not guided by the sociolinguistic value that groups consciously attribute to the variables. Phonological variation has been the object of many studies in the field of sociolinguistic research. Despite undeniable advances based on the observation of adults and adolescents, developmental approaches to variation remain rare. This state of affairs is particularly marked in France, where variationist sociolinguistics is almost nonexistent (Gadet, 1996). Within this context, our contribution takes two directions. First, the observation of studies devoted to phonological variation in English-speaking children enables us to define three developmental issues that structure this field. 1 Second, the report of a survey and an experiment into the deletion of post-consonantal word-final 0R0 in French children aged 6 to 12 years supplies data that can help us shed light on some of these issues. THREE D EVELOPMENT A L I SSUES

The Border as a Resource in Right-wing Populist Discourse: Viktor Orbán and the Diasporas in a Multi-scalar Europe

ABSTRACT Europe and now the United States are characterized by the growing presence of populist parties and leaders able to attract a significant share of the electorate. The successful strategy of right-wing populist politicians consists in proposing a series of discourses based on a differentiation between an endangered “Us” and a threatening “Them.” The protection of the “Us” community from the evil “Them” is often expressed through the necessity of closing the national border. This measure is a key discursive resource incorporated in their speeches. However, is the border only presented by right-wing populist leaders as a boundary which has to be controlled, securitized, and sealed? Based on the analysis of discourses produced by Viktor Orbán, the only long-standing European populist leader in power, the research shows that right-wing populist discourses can be based on opposed and complementary conceptions of the state border to entrench the opposition between “Us” and “Them.”