Renato Augusto Pereira Damásio

Potencial energético da madeira de Eucalyptus sp. em função da idade e de diferentes materiais genéticos

The present study aimed to determine the influence of age and different genetic material of Eucalyptus sp. in wood energy production. Therefore, we evaluated three Eucalyptus sp. clones from Gerdau S/A, at four different ages: 3, 4, 5 and 7 years. Five discs were removed from each tree (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the trunk commercial height), and the wood basic density and calorific value were determined. Based on these values we estimated the energy m-3 amount. We observed an effect of age and genetic material for the wood density and the calorific value. Moreover, the amount of energy m-3 increased with increasing age, and the three genetic materials evaluated were significantly different between them. The GG 680 clone showed better performance for this variable, presenting at seven years 2,943 kW.h.m -³ . Note that the selection of the best genetic material must consider the wood technological characteristics, as well as their productivity and effectiveness of technical production.

Otimização da produção do carvão vegetal por meio do controle de temperaturas de carbonização

Although in recent years several studies have been done with the aim of improving the wood quality indices (basic density, chemical composition), much of the Brazilian charcoal production still occurs in kilns that have low gravimetric yield and uncontrolled emissions of polluting gases. In an attempt to change this scenario, this work was developed with the objective of evaluating the operation of a kiln-furnace system. The work also aimed to adjust carbonization control ranges according to temperature and time, taking into account the thermal degradation of wood in order to maximize the yield of charcoal. Three kilns were built, attached to a furnace for burning the gases generated during the carbonization. Control of carbonization was conducted using internal temperature, measured by an infrared temperature sensor. According to the results, controlling time and temperature during the carbonization provided average gravimetric yields of 33% charcoal, 8% semi-carbonized wood and 3% fines (particle size less than 12.7 mm). The furnace was efficient in reducing fume to the environment, working for a third time carbonization. It is concluded that the kiln-furnace system presents satisfactory production of charcoal, with low fume during carbonization.

PULP PRODUCED WITH WOOD FROM Eucalyptus TREES DAMAGED BY WIND

Wind may damage eucalyptus trees, especially 24 months after planting, which can reduce wood fiber quality and hinder pulp production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of these materials in mixtures with wood from seven-year-old trees to produce pulp. Bleached pulp was produced using 100, 95, 85, 75 and 0% wood from seven-year-old eucalyptus trees, related to cutting age. Wood from two-year-old trees, when trees are most susceptible to damage by wind, completed each treatment. A 5 cm thick disc was taken from breast height (1.3m) on each tree for anatomical and ultrastructural characterization. The seven-year-old wood had lower vessel frequency and fibers with a longer length, higher cell wall fraction, higher modulus of elasticity and hardness, and a lower microfibril angle. Pulp refining decreased the opacity and specific volume, increased air resistance and improved mechanical properties. The addition of two-year-old wood to produce pulp reduced the mechanical properties and opacity, and increased the air resistance of the paper. The proportion of two-year-old wood that can be used in pulp production varied with the clone, parameter, and refining level. However, the pulp produced with 5% wood from two-year-old trees and 95% wood from seven-year-old trees was similar to that with 100% seven-year-old wood. Therefore, 5% two-year-old wood can be used to produce pulp without quality losses.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ANATOMY AND DRYING IN Eucalyptus grandis X Eucalyptus urophylla WOOD

Drying is an important step to using wood and anatomical characteristics influence this process. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between anatomy and wood drying. Samples with 2 x 2 x 4 cm were obtained from eight Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis clones at 1.3 m height to evaluate the anatomy and drying in climate chamber during 15 days. Cell wall fraction was established as the parameter that best correlated with drying, the Pearson correlation coefficient between this parameter and moisture was -0.8986, -0.6580, 0.9216, 0.8743, 0.7131 and 0.8727 for saturated wood, and after 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 days of drying, respectively. The frequency and vessel size, as well as the height and width of the rays showed low relation with wood drying. Wood anatomy, mainly the cell wall fraction, influences moisture losses and should be considered in wood drying programs.

FINAL CHLORINE DIOXIDE STAGE AT NEAR-NEUTRAL pH FOR BLEACHING EUCALYPTUS PULP

It is well known that pH is an important parameter for controlling the eucalyptus pulp bleaching when using the final chlorine dioxide stage, since it affects the effectiveness of the process. Recommendations found in the literature for operating are in the 3.5 to 4.0 range. However, in this paper it was shown that final chlorine dioxide has better performance, with significant brightness gain while also preserving pulp quality, when it is operated at near neutral pH. This result can be explained by the generation of sodium bicarbonate in situ upon adding carbon dioxide at this stage.