Renganathan Sahadevan

Bio-Oil Separation from Potential Non-Edible Urban Waste Source Putranjiva roxburghii

Oil separation from Putranjiva roxburghii seeds (non-edible urban waste) was carried out by solvent extraction method. The parameters of solvents suitability, extraction time, and aging of seeds were optimized in order to enhance the yield of bio-oil. The properties like acid value, calorific value, flash point, saponification value, iodine number, specific gravity, fire point, and kinematic viscosity were characterized. Bio-oil composition and functional groups were characterized using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Maximum bio-oil yield of 43% was obtained with hexane at 61°C and up to the time extent of 3.5 hours.

Lipid extraction from natural plant source of Adenanthera pavonina using mixed solvent by superheated extractor

The lipid content was extracted from the saga seed by superheated condition and soxhlet apparatus. The mixture of hexane, chloroform and methanol was utilized as a mixed solvent for these extraction operations. Different parameters such as different solvent, temperature, mean particle size and solvent flow have been examined. The optimized lipid extraction was achieved as 26.2 wt% by using superheated condition from the saga seed powder at 90 °C for 120min. Then the fatty acids profile of the optimized Adenanthera pavonina oil were analyzed by gas chromatography. Unsaturated fatty acid was high as 83.7% compared with saturated fatty acid barely 15.4% by relative.

Production of L-asparaginase from Natural Substrates by Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782: Optimization of Carbon Source and Operating Conditions

In the present work, the effect of different carbon sources, namely glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose and lactose, was studied for extracellular L-asparaginase production by Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 in submerged fermentation. The best carbon source and operating conditions such as initial pH, inoculum size, temperature and agitation rate were optimized. Glucose was found to be the best carbon source for L-asparaginase production using modified Czapek-Dox media containing L-proline as substrate. Sucrose was found to be the best carbon source for L-asparaginase production using modified Czapek-Dox media containing groundnut oil cake flour as substrate. Glucose was found to be the best carbon source for maximum L-asparaginase production using modified Czapek-Dox media containing soya bean meal flour as substrate. The soya bean meal flour was found to be the best natural substrate for maximum L-asparaginase activity of 35.3 IU/mL using 0.6% glucose as carbon source at the optimal culture conditions of initial pH 6, inoculum size 2%, temperature 35°C and agitation rate 160 rpm.

Sorption Kinetics and Equilibrium Analysis for the Removal of Reactive Red 2 and Reactive Blue 81 Dyes from Synthetic Effluents Using Dried Soya Bean Meal

Biosorption of Reactive Red 2 and Reactive Blue 81 dye from an aqueous solution using soya bean meal in a batch system was evaluated. The potential of the meal to act as an adsorbent was determined using Scanning Electron Micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis. The effect of sorbent dosage (0.2 to 1.2 g/100 mL), pH (1 to 7) and initial dye concentration (20 to 120 mg/L) on the biosorption process was studied. The equilibrium dye uptake capacity was found to be more at 0.2 g/100 mL of sorbent dosage when compared to all other sorbent dosage studied in the present investigation with the initial dye concentration of 30 mg/L and pH value of 6. The equilibrium dye uptake capacity was found to be more at pH value of 2.0 when compared to all other pH levels studied in the present investigation with the sorbent dosage of 2.0 g/L at 30 mg/L initial dye concentration. The equilibrium uptake value was found to be higher for Reactive Red 2 when compared with Reactive Blue 81 dye. The rate of sorption was investigated using pseudo first and pseudo second order rate equations. The pseudo second order rate expression fit the experimental data well. The equilibrium data was analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. The equilibrium data for both dyes followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm at 30°C. Intra particle diffusion model was used to determine the mechanism of the biosorption process. In this present investigation, the maximum uptake capacity of Reactive Red 2 dye was observed as 49.04 mg/g using Soya Bean Meal at 120 mg/L initial dye concentration. The adsorption capacity of Soya Bean Meal was found to be comparable with other low cost adsorbents.

Biosorption of Acid Blue 5 by Biomass Derived from Eichhornia crassipes: Batch and Column Studies

Biosorption of Acid Blue 5 dye by the Eichhornia crassipes was investigated in batch and column studies. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of initial solution pH and dye concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich sorption models were used to represent the equilibrium data. Experimental breakthrough curves in a column were obtained with bed height (5, 10 and 15 cm), flow rate (20, 25 and 30mL/min) and initial dye concentration (50, 75 and 100 mg/L). An increase in bed height and initial dye concentration favors the dye biosorption, while the minimum flow rate produced maximum dye biosorption. It was observed that the uptake of Acid Blue 5 using a bed height of 15 cm, flow rate of 20 mL/min and initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L was found to be more when compared to all other bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentration studied in the present investigation. The Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was used for the evaluation of continuous sorption data.

Production of bio-ethanol from an innovative mixture of surgical waste cotton and waste card board after ammonia pre-treatment

ABSTRACT Ethanol production from waste biomass using a slightly modified bio-refinery approach was performed in this work to cater to the increasing need of alternate fuels and fuel additives globally. A surgical waste cotton and waste packaging cardboard mixture after a 15% v/v ammonia pre-treatment showed 70% lignin removal. An optimized saccharification using In-house Cellulases produced from Trichoderma harzanium ATCC 20846 had a percentage saccharification of 45% and percentage yield saccharification of 94.6%. An optimized fermentation using Saccharomyces cereviseae strain RW143 resulted in the yield of 0.4 g ethanol/g glucose from the 15% (v/v) glucose in the enzymatically saccharified hydrolysate loaded. The distilled ethanol had 90% (v/v) concentration and180 proof (twice the amount of concentration percentage in v/v) purity. 1 kg biomass mixture when processed as mentioned would yield 120 mL ethanol. Two diesel-ethanol blends (E-10 and E-20) and a commercial Diesel control were used to rate an IC engine’s brake power.

Equilibrium and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Basic Textile Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Kigelia africana Biosorbent

Removal of a basic textile dye Methylene Blue from an aqueous solution was evaluated using biosorbent derived from Kigelia africana in a batch system. The influence of adsorption parameters such as adsorbent dosage (0.10-0.50g), PH (2-12) and initial dye concentration (0.3 to 0.11 g/L) on the adsorption process was studied. It was noticed that with increase in adsorbent dosage, the uptake capacity was decreased. Dye uptake was increased by changing the PH up to 8, further increase in PH caused reduced uptake. It was observed that, dye uptake by the adsorbent increased linearly with that of initial dye concentration. Equilibrium isotherm for the adsorption of methylene blue on to adsorbent was studied through Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The data best fit with Freundlich model. Maximum adsorption capacity (Q ̊) was found to be 119.05mg/g. SEM and FTIR analyses of the adsorbent was performed before and after the adsorption, suggest that adsorption of the dye was through chemical interaction of the functional groups on the surface of the adsorbent. From the experimental results, it was inferred that biosorbent derived from Kigelia africana can be a potential alternate to activated carbon for textile dyes removal.

Biosorption of Basic Textile Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Pongamia pinnata as Adsorbent

In the present study, the efficiency of biosorbent derived form Pongamiapinata to remove a basic textile dye Methylene Blue from an aqueous solution was evaluated in batch system. The influence of adsorption parameters such as biosorbent dosage (0.2-1.0g/L), PH (2-10) and initial dye concentration (30-110 mg/L) on the biosorption process was studied. It was noticed that adsorbent dosage has negative effect on dye uptake, could be due to reduced mass transfer rate of dye on to adsorbent. High equilibrium uptake was observed at PH 8. However, initial dye concentration has shown linear relationship with dye uptake. As the dye concentration increases, the number of dye molecules available to be adsorbed on to adsorbent surface increases. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of methylene blue was analyzed through Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The data best fit with Freundlich model than Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting the adsorption was by multilayer mechanism. Maximum adsorption capacity (Q ̊) was found to be 40.49mg/g. It can be concluded from the study that the adsorbent derived from P.pinnata can be a potential low cost competent of activated carbon for textile dyes removal.

Optimization of nonedible oil extraction from Cassia javanica seeds

ABSTRACT The current scenario in many of the countries in the world is energy importers. The largest demand occurs in energy sources especially crude products.Biodiesel is a nontoxic and decomposed organic matter. It is gathered from various sources such as animal fats, vegetable oil, and algae. In this work, the modified Soxhlet device is used as a promising new source to extract the bio-oil from Cassia javanica seeds. Throughout the study of extraction time will carried over by 3.5 hours for the production of bio-oil using hexane at 68 °C, by the time of 3.5 hours.The parameters of physical and chemical properties and fuel properties are analyzed by AOCS and ASTM standard methods.

Biosorption of Lignin Compounds Using Biomass Derived from Eichhornia crassipes: Batch Studies

Biosorption of lignin compounds by the Eichhornia crassipes was investigated in batch studies. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of initial sorbent dosage, solution pH and lignin compounds concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to represent the equilibrium data. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be fitted very well with the experimental data when compared to Langmuir isotherm model. The results showed that the equilibrium uptake capacity was found to be increased with decrease in biomass dosage. The lignin compound removal was influenced by the initial lignin compounds concentration. The sorption results were analysed for pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetic model. It was observed that the kinetic data fitted very well with the pseudo second order rate equation when compared to the pseudo first order rate equation. Sorption results were analyzed for the intra particle diffusion model.