Rexford G. Tugwell

Farm Relief and a Permanent Agriculture

HERE are immense areas of unT certainty with which anyone must deal who concerns himself with the likely future of such an activity as farming in such a region as the United States. These areas may, however, be to a certain extent reduced by bringing to bear the generally available experience of other regions which are in stages beyond that which we have reached. It is not necessarily true that evolution here will be identical with that of other regions; but there is

The Real Estate Dilemma

veloped; they were expected to meet sophisticated political and social standards; often the guild organizations had in themselves a municipal character. But after the Industrial Revolution the citys first purpose was assumed to be the protection of private enterprise; functions beyond policing were regarded with the gravest suspicion. The metropolis, indeed, distinguished from the factory town, was until recently the shrine of the market-place spirit, of laissez aller. Price decisions were made there

Roosevelt and Frankfurter: An Essay Review

They were born in the sa-me year-1882-Roosevelt on an estate in the Hudson Valley, not far from the village of Hyde Park, Frankfurter in Austria. They had different beginnings. Roosevelts early training was entrusted to governesses and tutors; Frankfurter was sent to German-speaking schools until his parents brought him to the United States when he was twelve. At that time he spoke no English at all; nevertheless he graduated from Harvards Law School in twelve further years. This was much earlier than Roosevelt, a leisurely Harvard undergraduate who several years later finished his education at Columbias Law School without taking his degree. This contrast is characteristic. Roosevelts way was made easy: he developed slowly, his social life was more important than his studies, and his clerkship at Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in Wall Street carried no sense of dedication to the profession. Frankfurter consumed his books fiercely, progressed rapidly, and by the time Roosevelt got started, was already an assistant to Henry L. Stimson, then district attorney for southern New York. They had never met at Harvard; Frankfurter was already studying law while Roosevelt was contending for class offices and editing the Crimson. Roosevelt did not stay long in the city. He

What Next for Puerto Rico

SELDOM-in my experience or in my reading-have I encountered instances of such sudden, determined, and effective moods of enterprise as have risen and persisted in Puerto Rico during the last decade. Moreover, the movement seems to pervade all phases of economic, political, and social life, and by now to have reached so firm a resolution as to have more than an even chance of constituting the beginning of one of those progressive spirals that social theorists are learning to treat with

The New Deal in Retrospect

■ IT HAS BEEN fashionable to view the New Deal as a makeshift program improvised to meet emergencies and with no consistent social philosophy, moving as political exigencies forced it to move in efforts to gain and retain political favor. Improvisation, not a fundamental social philosophy, has been said to be its underlying dynamic. Yet, viewed from the vantage point of a quarter of a century later, that evaluation is clearly untenable. The New Deal brought to dominance in America a new social philosophy that remains the basis for most government action today. Its foremost contribution to our time is the view that a self-adjusting market economy does not adequately protect human values, resources and society itself, with the corollary that government action to

THOMAS H. GREER. What Roosevelt Thought: The Social and Political Ideas of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Pp. xv, 244. East Lansing: Michigan State Univer sity Press, 1958.

of considerable magnitude-illustrated particularly by the Pinchot-Ballinger affair. The author closes his work rather abruptly with a description of the Republican decline and Roosevelt’s active re-entry on to the national political scene in 1912firmly placing him in the liberal camp of the New Nationalism. Professor Mowry has made an inestimable contribution to the Progressive literature. Although not definitive in its coverage of the whole movement, this book, combined with the author’s Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement, is thus far the closest thing to it. MARTIN L. FAUSOLD

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It often happens that strangers in America are moved to comment on the barbaric ostentation of the more favored classes here. This impulse of display expresses itself, they say, in personal trappings-jewels, furs, and silks-and in homes no old-world castle can equal for splendor; but most strikingly of all in the gleaming mechanisms that move upon our streets, the latest achievement of our time to be embodied in a great industry, and the epitome and revelation of our aspirations: the limousines, the cabriolets, the landaulets, the sedans, the coups, and the broughams. If one stops a moment to gather their full flavor, the words, standing by themselves, are seen to possess the power to convey the French luxuriance of the things. And the place of the things in our esteem needs little other comment to be made clear. Visitors from civilizations with more subdued tastes are struck suddenly with the realization of this costly parade to which most Americans, having become habituated, are more indifferent. Of course, second thought unfolds the error in saying that all this is American. It is, rather, a characteristic of industrialism, and wherever industrialism exists competitive consumption also exists. In older lands tastes may be more subdued, life may be lived less completely in the streets than with us, that is all. What is here a greed for the envy of the crowd may in other places take the form of greed for the envy of a less large crowd. It may be kept, therefore, more closely within certain social circles, even confined for the most part, possibly, within doors. This is also true with our older and more sophisticated social groups. The newly rich are a more promiscuous phenomenon in America because of the superior