Reyhan Erdoğan

Perception of Plants in Ancient Times and Their Use as Motifs Revealing Aspects of the Cultural Landscape in Side, Turkey

Abstract Landscape can be defined as a complex of human and natural interactions through time. Therefore, landscape identification requires a complete understanding of social, natural, economic, aesthetic and cultural values. Contributing to the aesthetic-visual integrity of the landscape, plants are a valuable indicator, recording the type and degree of the human – nature relationship over time. Our feelings, imagination and perception often contribute to the cultural dimension of the landscape and the role of plants in mythology can be used as a kind of linguistic code for helping to understand some aspects of cultural landscapes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how a number of key plants were perceived in ancient cultures using some examples from the Mediterranean landscape and to use them to help to evaluate different dimensions of archaeological landscapes using the case of the ancient city of Side in Turkey. Multi-dimensional approaches in landscape evaluation which use symbolic meaning can generate valuable knowledge about cultural landscapes. This is precisely because cultural landscapes are the sum of biological, physical and cultural components, while plants as natural elements have bridged the biological and cultural dimensions.

Framework agreement on climate change and humans responsibilities

A has a large variation in water resources and causes frequent occurrence of natural disasters such as flood and drought. Of course, there are various reasons for these disasters, but the current climate change increases the variability of temporal and spatial patterns for the disasters and causes the difficulties in water resources management over the region. The aim of this study is to anlalyze climate change impact on water resources in the Asia monsoon region based on AR5 scenario. The future changes in temperature, precipitation and runoff according to climate change are evaluated and the corresponding variability characteristics are analyzed in the study region. GCMs are used for simulating future climate chnage scenarios and bilinear method is applied to interpolate the scenarios at 0.5 degree horizontal grid scale. Delta method is used for bias correction. To assess the performance of GCMs output that reflect well the Asian monsoon region, Taylor diagram approach is adopted in this study. The observed precipitation and temperature data were obtained from APHRODITE, which is used for input of hydrologic VIC model. As results, annual average temperature was increased in general, while the precipitation and runoff were different patterns in specific sites In the past preiods, annual average temperature, precipitation and runoff were about 10.5°C, 672mm and 355mm, respectively. Future projections based on climate change scenario represent gradual rise in temperature in all regions, but demonstrate higher increase in temperature change with increasing latitudes. The spatial and temporal changes in precipitation and runoff are provided in this study. The flood and drought prone areas in Asia monsoon region due to climate change are analyzed and compared with the results from AR4.Brown troutta (sala trutta) is a European species of salmonid fish that has been extensively imported from suitable places around the world. It involves the rise of pure water, called the river ecotype. Brown trout is widely imported from suitable places around the world, including North and South America, Australia, Asia, and South East Africa. Climate change is one of the most important global processes in the Biosphere, and fish as part of Biology do not care about this process. Coldwater fish and, especially the Brown trout (sala trutta), are more sensitive to predictable changes in temperature levels and streams. The introduction of brown trout has established a livelihood, wildlife in many imported countries. Water temperature is a major problem in the ecological study of white water because it affects physical, chemical and facial processes and, therefore, the organisms that live at all or part of this in water. Therefore, climate change can preclude the availability of suitable habitat for many species of fish including trout brown. Weather simulations predict an increase in temperature and extreme events. These changes are expected to lead to a logical change in the hydrological cycle which has a significant impact on the ecological integrity of the aquatic environment. Brown trout will be very close to their body function limits and thus jeopardize the production of somatic and reproductive biomass. Some ability to adapt to high temperatures is possible but overheating of the body may be unavoidable. Genetic diversity and apparent variability in plasticity may compensate for the effects of climate change, but rapid changes may interfere with adaptability because cohesion is not limited to changes in temperature and signals of intrusion / sub-aquaculture will affect ecosystems. Within this context it appears to be a strategy to predict the effects of global change in aquatic biodiversity and the distribution of species in order to identify adequate measures aimed at mitigating the impact of climate change on ecosystems. For this purpose we have made a simulation based on a series of speculation models to predict the distribution of the brown stem in the highlands of the Phe River basin (North Italy). The 140-year hypothesis, based on the Local Climate model, is used to force the hydrological model to cycle the hydrological cycle. The results of hydrological simulations, particularly variations in temperature and humidity, are then used to confirm areas where target species are expected to occur. The results show how this proposed complex approach is able to reproduce, with good confidence, the current distribution of brown trout. The speculation of the coming years indicates a shift in distribution to the upper parts of the base, with a reasonable reduction in areas where trout brown can survive, produce and grow. This work also focuses on the potential use of the proposed method of assessing the effects of climate change on complex environmental systems

The Characteristics of Phytoremediation of Soil and Leachate Polluted by Landfills

Current landfill regulations provide for the responsible management of solid waste and a safer alternative to the outdated practices of open or illegal dumping. Aside from imparting aesthetic value, natural or planted vegetation on landfill sites has an important role in erosion control and removal of contaminants, and may also be used in leaching treatment. The use of leachate for the irrigation of landfill vegetation reduces its harmful effects, and the reuse of water aids in water conservation. The aim of this study was to search for ways to use leachate water from solid waste landfill sites for irrigation of plant species that normally grow in the wild. The study focuses on the plant species Alcea rosea (hollyhock), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Melilotus officinalis (yellow melilot). Over the 2-year study period, plants were irrigated with tap and leachate water under drought conditions. Wild plant diversity was identified, and the landfill was rehabilitated with various plant species. After the experiment, populations of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and fecal coliform bacteria in soil samples were analyzed. We observed that the use of leachate water for cultivation of different kinds of plants affected the density of total and fecal coliforms in the soil.

Kent Ağaçlarının İşlevleri, Koruma Önemi ve Değer Belirleme Yaklaşımları

Kentsel ekosistem icinde kent agaclarinin onemli bir yeri vardir. Hizla kentlesen ulkemizde yesil alanlarin kentin yeni ihtiyaclarina cevap verebilmek icin farkli kullanim alanlarina donustugu kentlerimizde agaclar, yerel yonetimlerin ve kentlilerin uzerinde daha fazla hassasiyet gostermesi gereken bir durum kazanmistir. Bu konuda bilimsel bilginin yaninda, ciddi uygulama tekniklerini de gerektiren duyarli yaklasimlara ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. Kent agaclari konusunda daha once yapilan calismalara bakildiginda agaclarin dendrolojik ozellikleri ve islevleri konusunda cok fazla bilgi birikimi olmasina ragmen, koruma ve deger belirleme konularinin yeterince ele alinmadigi ve yeterli bilginin olmadigi gorulmektedir. Bu makalede, kent agaclarinin islevleri, koruma ve deger belirleme yaklasimlarinda kullanilabilecek mevcut literaturlere ek niteliginde yazarlarin uygulamalarla gecerliligini deneyimledikleri formuller ve yaklasimlar sunulmustur.