Rianne S. Lous

Ultrafast many-body interferometry of impurities coupled to a Fermi sea

Sluggish turmoil in the Fermi sea The nonequilibrium dynamics of many-body quantum systems are tricky to study experimentally or theoretically. As an experimental setting, dilute atomic gases offer an advantage over electrons in metals. In this environment, the heavier atoms make collective processes that involve the entire Fermi sea occur at the sluggish time scale of microseconds. Cetina et al. studied these dynamics by using a small cloud of 40K atoms that was positioned at the center of a far larger 6Li cloud. Controlling the interactions between K and Li atoms enabled a detailed look into the formation of quasiparticles associated with K “impurity” atoms. Science, this issue p. 96 Precise manipulation of interactions between impurity and majority atoms gives insight into polaron formation. The fastest possible collective response of a quantum many-body system is related to its excitations at the highest possible energy. In condensed matter systems, the time scale for such “ultrafast” processes is typically set by the Fermi energy. Taking advantage of fast and precise control of interactions between ultracold atoms, we observed nonequilibrium dynamics of impurities coupled to an atomic Fermi sea. Our interferometric measurements track the nonperturbative quantum evolution of a fermionic many-body system, revealing in real time the formation dynamics of quasi-particles and the quantum interference between attractive and repulsive states throughout the full depth of the Fermi sea. Ultrafast time-domain methods applied to strongly interacting quantum gases enable the study of the dynamics of quantum matter under extreme nonequilibrium conditions.

Observation of a Strong Atom-Dimer Attraction in a Mass-Imbalanced Fermi-Fermi Mixture

We investigate a mixture of ultracold fermionic K40 atoms and weakly bound Li6K40 dimers on the repulsive side of a heteronuclear atomic Feshbach resonance. By radio-frequency spectroscopy we demonstrate that the normally repulsive atom-dimer interaction is turned into a strong attraction. The phenomenon can be understood as a three-body effect in which two heavy K40 fermions exchange the light Li6 atom, leading to attraction in odd partial-wave channels (mainly p wave). Our observations show that mass imbalance in a fermionic system can profoundly change the character of interactions as compared to the well-established mass-balanced case.

Decoherence of Impurities in a Fermi Sea of Ultracold Atoms

We investigate the decoherence of ^{40}K impurities interacting with a three-dimensional Fermi sea of ^{6}Li across an interspecies Feshbach resonance. The decoherence is measured as a function of the interaction strength and temperature using a spin-echo atom interferometry method. For weak to moderate interaction strengths, we interpret our measurements in terms of scattering of K quasiparticles by the Fermi sea and find very good agreement with a Fermi liquid calculation. For strong interactions, we observe significant enhancement of the decoherence rate, which is largely independent of temperature, pointing to behavior that is beyond the scattering of quasiparticles in the Fermi liquid picture.

Thermometry of a deeply degenerate Fermi gas with a Bose-Einstein condensate

We measure the temperature of a deeply degenerate Fermi gas, by using a weakly interacting sample of heavier bosonic atoms as a probe. This thermometry method relies on the thermalization between the two species and on the determination of the condensate fraction of the bosons. In our experimental implementation, a small sample of 41K atoms serves as the thermometer for a 6Li Fermi sea. We investigate the evaporative cooling of a 6Li spin mixture in a single-beam optical dipole trap and observe how the condensate fraction of the thermometry atoms depends on the final trap depth. From the condensate fraction, the temperature can be readily extracted. We show that the lowest temperature of 6.3(5)% of the Fermi temperature is obtained, when the decreasing trap depth closely approaches the Fermi energy. To understand the systematic effects that may in uence the results, we carefully investigate the role of the number of bosons and the thermalization dynamics between the two species. Our thermometry approach provides a conceptually simple, accurate, and general way to measure the temperature of deeply degenerate Fermi gases. Since the method is independent of the specific interaction conditions within the Fermi gas, it applies to both weakly and strongly interacting Fermi gases.

Lifetime of Feshbach dimers in a Fermi-Fermi mixture of 6Li and 40K

We present a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the lifetime of weakly bound dimers formed near narrow interspecies Feshbach resonances in mass-imbalanced Fermi-Fermi systems, considering the specific example of a mixture of

Probing the Interface of a Phase-Separated State in a Repulsive Bose-Fermi Mixture

^{6}\text{Li}

Collective modes of a BEC immersed in a Fermi sea

and

Phase Separation in a Fermi-Bose Mixture of

^{40}\text{K}

^6

atoms. Our work addresses the central question of the increase in the stability of the dimers resulting from Pauli suppression of collisional losses, which is a well-known effect in mass-balanced fermionic systems near broad resonances. We present measurements of the spontaneous dissociation of dimers in dilute samples, and of the collisional losses in dense samples arising from both dimer-dimer processes and from atom-dimer processes. We find that all loss processes are suppressed close to the Feshbach resonance. Our general theoretical approach for fermionic mixtures near narrow Feshbach resonances provides predictions for the suppression of collisional decay as a function of the detuning from resonance, and we find excellent agreement with the experimental benchmarks provided by our

Li and

^{6}\text{Li}\ensuremath{-}^{40}\text{K}